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python之反射

本文轉載自   查看原文   2017-08-16 17:13   1241    Python之面向對象

isinstance和issubclass

isinstance(obj,cls)檢查是否obj是否是類 cls 的對象

class Foo:
    pass
class Son(Foo):
    pass
s=Son()

print(isinstance(s,Son))

 

issubclass(sub, super)檢查sub類是否是 super 類的派生類 

 

class Foo(object):
    pass
 
class Bar(Foo):
    pass
 
issubclass(Bar, Foo)

 

反射

python面向對象中的反射：通過字符串的形式操作對象相關的屬性，python中一切事物都是對象（都可以用反射）

下列方法適用於類和對象：

 

 檢查是否含有某屬性---hasattr 返回布爾值
獲取屬性---getattr 沒有就會報錯
設置屬性---setattr
刪除屬性---delattr
class Foo:
    f = '類的靜態變量'
    def __init__(self,name,age):
        self.name=name
        self.age=age

    def say_hi(self):
        print('hi,%s'%self.name)

obj=Foo('egon',73)

#檢測是否含有某屬性
print(hasattr(obj,'name'))
print(hasattr(obj,'say_hi'))

#獲取屬性
n=getattr(obj,'name')
print(n)
func=getattr(obj,'say_hi')
func()

print(getattr(obj,'aaaaaaaa','不存在啊')) #報錯

#設置屬性
setattr(obj,'sb',True)
setattr(obj,'show_name',lambda self:self.name+'sb')
print(obj.__dict__)
print(obj.show_name(obj))

#刪除屬性
delattr(obj,'age')
delattr(obj,'show_name')
delattr(obj,'show_name111')#不存在,則報錯

print(obj.__dict__)
四個方法的使用 
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class Foo(object):
 
    staticField = "old boy"
 
    def __init__(self):
        self.name = 'agg'
 
    def func(self):
        return 'func'
 
    @staticmethod
    def bar():
        return 'bar'
 
print getattr(Foo, 'staticField')
print getattr(Foo, 'func')
print getattr(Foo, 'bar')
 
         
 
         類也是屬性 
        
 
        
導入其他模塊
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
import my_module
def demo1():
    print('demo1')
print(hasattr(demo1,'demo1'))
 
         
 
         沒在同一個文件下找模塊 
        
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
def demo1():
    print('demo1')
import sys
module_obj=sys.modules[__name__]
print(hasattr(module_obj,'demo1'))
getattr(module_obj,'demo1')
 
         
 
         在一個文件下找模塊 
        
 
        
 
         改對象的字符串顯示__str__和__repr__: 
        
 
        
 
          
         %s和%r 
        
 
        
__del__
 
        
 
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class Foo:
    def __del__(self):
        print('fgs')
f=Foo()
print(123)
print(123)
del f
print(123)
print(123)
print(123)
 
         
 
         del示范 
        
 
        
 
 
        
item系列
 
        
 
 
        
__getitem__\__setitem__\__delitem__
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class Foo:
    def __init__(self,name):
        self.name=name

    def __getitem__(self, item):
        print(self.__dict__[item])

    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        self.__dict__[key]=value
    def __delitem__(self, key):
        print('del obj[key]時,我執行')
        self.__dict__.pop(key)
    def __delattr__(self, item):
        print('del obj.key時,我執行')
        self.__dict__.pop(item)

f1=Foo('sb')
f1['age']=18
f1['age1']=19
del f1.age1
del f1['age']
f1['name']='alex'
print(f1.__dict__)
 
         
 
         View Code 
        
 
         
         
        
__new__
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class A:
    def __init__(self):  #有一個方法在幫你創造self
        print('in init function')
        self.x=1
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        print('in init funct')
        return object.__new__(A,*args,**kwargs)
a=A()
 
         
 
         View Code 
        
 
        
單例模式
 
        
 
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class Singleton:
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kw):
        if not hasattr(cls, '_instance'):
            orig = super(Singleton, cls)
            cls._instance = orig.__new__(cls, *args, **kw)
        return cls._instance

one = Singleton()
two = Singleton()

two.a = 3
print(one.a)
# 3
# one和two完全相同,可以用id(), ==, is檢測
print(id(one))
# 29097904
print(id(two))
# 29097904
print(one == two)
# True
print(one is two)
 
         
 
         View Code 
        
 
        
 
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class Foo:

    def __init__(self):
        pass
    
    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):

        print('__call__')


obj = Foo() # 執行 __init__
obj()       # 執行 __call__
 
         
 
         __call__ 模式 
        
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.a = 1
        self.b = 2

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.__dict__)
a = A()
print(len(a))
 
         
 
         __len__模式 
        
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.a = 1
        self.b = 2

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash(str(self.a)+str(self.b))
a = A()
print(hash(a))
 
         
 
         __hash__ 模式 
        
 
         
         
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.a = 1
        self.b = 2

    def __eq__(self,obj):
        if  self.a == obj.a and self.b == obj.b:
            return True
a = A()
b = A()
print(a == b)
 
         
 
         __eq__ 模式 
        
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class Person:
    def __init__(self,name,age,sex):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.sex = sex

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash(self.name+self.sex)

    def __eq__(self, other):
        if self.name == other.name and self.sex == other.sex:return True


p_lst = []
for i in range(84):
    p_lst.append(Person('egon',i,'male'))

print(p_lst)
print(set(p_lst))
 
         
 
         面試題 
        
 
        
 
 
        
 
 
        
 
 
        
 
 
        
 
 
        
 
 
        
---恢復內容結束---
 
        
isinstance和issubclass
 
        
isinstance(obj,cls)檢查是否obj是否是類 cls 的對象
 
        
 
         
class Foo:
    pass
class Son(Foo):
    pass
s=Son()

print(isinstance(s,Son))
 
        
 
        
 
 
        
issubclass(sub, super)檢查sub類是否是 super 類的派生類 
 
        
 
 
        
 
         
class Foo(object):
    pass
 
class Bar(Foo):
    pass
 
issubclass(Bar, Foo)
 
        
 
        
 
 
        
反射
 
        
python面向對象中的反射：通過字符串的形式操作對象相關的屬性，python中一切事物都是對象（都可以用反射）
 
         
         
        
下列方法適用於類和對象：
 
        
 
 
        
 檢查是否含有某屬性---hasattr 返回布爾值
獲取屬性---getattr 沒有就會報錯
設置屬性---setattr
刪除屬性---delattr
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class Foo:
    f = '類的靜態變量'
    def __init__(self,name,age):
        self.name=name
        self.age=age

    def say_hi(self):
        print('hi,%s'%self.name)

obj=Foo('egon',73)

#檢測是否含有某屬性
print(hasattr(obj,'name'))
print(hasattr(obj,'say_hi'))

#獲取屬性
n=getattr(obj,'name')
print(n)
func=getattr(obj,'say_hi')
func()

print(getattr(obj,'aaaaaaaa','不存在啊')) #報錯

#設置屬性
setattr(obj,'sb',True)
setattr(obj,'show_name',lambda self:self.name+'sb')
print(obj.__dict__)
print(obj.show_name(obj))

#刪除屬性
delattr(obj,'age')
delattr(obj,'show_name')
delattr(obj,'show_name111')#不存在,則報錯

print(obj.__dict__)
 
         
 
         四個方法的使用 
        
 
        
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class Foo(object):
 
    staticField = "old boy"
 
    def __init__(self):
        self.name = 'agg'
 
    def func(self):
        return 'func'
 
    @staticmethod
    def bar():
        return 'bar'
 
print getattr(Foo, 'staticField')
print getattr(Foo, 'func')
print getattr(Foo, 'bar')
 
         
 
         類也是屬性 
        
 
        
導入其他模塊
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
import my_module
def demo1():
    print('demo1')
print(hasattr(demo1,'demo1'))
 
         
 
         沒在同一個文件下找模塊 
        
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
def demo1():
    print('demo1')
import sys
module_obj=sys.modules[__name__]
print(hasattr(module_obj,'demo1'))
getattr(module_obj,'demo1')
 
         
 
         在一個文件下找模塊 
        
 
        
 
         改對象的字符串顯示__str__和__repr__: 
        
 
        
 
          
         %s和%r 
        
 
        
__del__
 
        
 
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class Foo:
    def __del__(self):
        print('fgs')
f=Foo()
print(123)
print(123)
del f
print(123)
print(123)
print(123)
 
         
 
         del示范 
        
 
        
 
 
        
item系列
 
        
 
 
        
__getitem__\__setitem__\__delitem__
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class Foo:
    def __init__(self,name):
        self.name=name

    def __getitem__(self, item):
        print(self.__dict__[item])

    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        self.__dict__[key]=value
    def __delitem__(self, key):
        print('del obj[key]時,我執行')
        self.__dict__.pop(key)
    def __delattr__(self, item):
        print('del obj.key時,我執行')
        self.__dict__.pop(item)

f1=Foo('sb')
f1['age']=18
f1['age1']=19
del f1.age1
del f1['age']
f1['name']='alex'
print(f1.__dict__)
 
         
 
         View Code 
        
 
        
__new__
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class A:
    def __init__(self):  #有一個方法在幫你創造self
        print('in init function')
        self.x=1
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        print('in init funct')
        return object.__new__(A,*args,**kwargs)
a=A()
 
         
 
         View Code 
        
 
        
單例模式
 
        
 
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class Singleton:
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kw):
        if not hasattr(cls, '_instance'):
            orig = super(Singleton, cls)
            cls._instance = orig.__new__(cls, *args, **kw)
        return cls._instance

one = Singleton()
two = Singleton()

two.a = 3
print(one.a)
# 3
# one和two完全相同,可以用id(), ==, is檢測
print(id(one))
# 29097904
print(id(two))
# 29097904
print(one == two)
# True
print(one is two)
 
         
 
         View Code 
        
 
        
 
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class Foo:

    def __init__(self):
        pass
    
    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):

        print('__call__')


obj = Foo() # 執行 __init__
obj()       # 執行 __call__
 
         
 
         __call__ 模式 
        
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.a = 1
        self.b = 2

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.__dict__)
a = A()
print(len(a))
 
         
 
         __len__模式 
        
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.a = 1
        self.b = 2

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash(str(self.a)+str(self.b))
a = A()
print(hash(a))
 
         
 
         __hash__ 模式 
        
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.a = 1
        self.b = 2

    def __eq__(self,obj):
        if  self.a == obj.a and self.b == obj.b:
            return True
a = A()
b = A()
print(a == b)
 
         
 
         __eq__ 模式 
        
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class Person:
    def __init__(self,name,age,sex):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.sex = sex

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash(self.name+self.sex)

    def __eq__(self, other):
        if self.name == other.name and self.sex == other.sex:return True


p_lst = []
for i in range(84):
    p_lst.append(Person('egon',i,'male'))

print(p_lst)
print(set(p_lst))
 
         
 
         面試題 
        
 
        
 
 
        
 
 
        
 
 
        
 
 
        
 
 
        
 
 
        
---恢復內容開始---
 
        
isinstance和issubclass
 
        
isinstance(obj,cls)檢查是否obj是否是類 cls 的對象
 
        
 
         
class Foo:
    pass
class Son(Foo):
    pass
s=Son()

print(isinstance(s,Son))
 
        
 
        
 
 
        
issubclass(sub, super)檢查sub類是否是 super 類的派生類 
 
        
 
 
        
 
         
class Foo(object):
    pass
 
class Bar(Foo):
    pass
 
issubclass(Bar, Foo)
 
        
 
        
 
 
        
反射
 
        
python面向對象中的反射：通過字符串的形式操作對象相關的屬性，python中一切事物都是對象（都可以用反射）
 
        
下列方法適用於類和對象：
 
        
 
 
        
 檢查是否含有某屬性---hasattr 返回布爾值
獲取屬性---getattr 沒有就會報錯
設置屬性---setattr
刪除屬性---delattr
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class Foo:
    f = '類的靜態變量'
    def __init__(self,name,age):
        self.name=name
        self.age=age

    def say_hi(self):
        print('hi,%s'%self.name)

obj=Foo('egon',73)

#檢測是否含有某屬性
print(hasattr(obj,'name'))
print(hasattr(obj,'say_hi'))

#獲取屬性
n=getattr(obj,'name')
print(n)
func=getattr(obj,'say_hi')
func()

print(getattr(obj,'aaaaaaaa','不存在啊')) #報錯

#設置屬性
setattr(obj,'sb',True)
setattr(obj,'show_name',lambda self:self.name+'sb')
print(obj.__dict__)
print(obj.show_name(obj))

#刪除屬性
delattr(obj,'age')
delattr(obj,'show_name')
delattr(obj,'show_name111')#不存在,則報錯

print(obj.__dict__)
 
         
 
         四個方法的使用 
        
 
        
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class Foo(object):
 
    staticField = "old boy"
 
    def __init__(self):
        self.name = 'agg'
 
    def func(self):
        return 'func'
 
    @staticmethod
    def bar():
        return 'bar'
 
print getattr(Foo, 'staticField')
print getattr(Foo, 'func')
print getattr(Foo, 'bar')
 
         
 
         類也是屬性 
        
 
        
導入其他模塊
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
import my_module
def demo1():
    print('demo1')
print(hasattr(demo1,'demo1'))
 
         
 
         沒在同一個文件下找模塊 
        
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
def demo1():
    print('demo1')
import sys
module_obj=sys.modules[__name__]
print(hasattr(module_obj,'demo1'))
getattr(module_obj,'demo1')
 
         
 
         在一個文件下找模塊 
        
 
        
 
         改對象的字符串顯示__str__和__repr__: 
        
 
        
 
          
         %s和%r 
        
 
        
__del__
 
        
 
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class Foo:
    def __del__(self):
        print('fgs')
f=Foo()
print(123)
print(123)
del f
print(123)
print(123)
print(123)
 
         
 
         del示范 
        
 
        
 
 
        
item系列
 
        
 
 
        
__getitem__\__setitem__\__delitem__
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class Foo:
    def __init__(self,name):
        self.name=name

    def __getitem__(self, item):
        print(self.__dict__[item])

    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        self.__dict__[key]=value
    def __delitem__(self, key):
        print('del obj[key]時,我執行')
        self.__dict__.pop(key)
    def __delattr__(self, item):
        print('del obj.key時,我執行')
        self.__dict__.pop(item)

f1=Foo('sb')
f1['age']=18
f1['age1']=19
del f1.age1
del f1['age']
f1['name']='alex'
print(f1.__dict__)
 
         
 
         View Code 
        
 
        
__new__
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class A:
    def __init__(self):  #有一個方法在幫你創造self
        print('in init function')
        self.x=1
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        print('in init funct')
        return object.__new__(A,*args,**kwargs)
a=A()
 
         
 
         View Code 
        
 
        
單例模式
 
        
 
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class Singleton:
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kw):
        if not hasattr(cls, '_instance'):
            orig = super(Singleton, cls)
            cls._instance = orig.__new__(cls, *args, **kw)
        return cls._instance

one = Singleton()
two = Singleton()

two.a = 3
print(one.a)
# 3
# one和two完全相同,可以用id(), ==, is檢測
print(id(one))
# 29097904
print(id(two))
# 29097904
print(one == two)
# True
print(one is two)
 
         
 
         View Code 
        
 
        
 
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class Foo:

    def __init__(self):
        pass
    
    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):

        print('__call__')


obj = Foo() # 執行 __init__
obj()       # 執行 __call__
 
         
 
         __call__ 模式 
        
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.a = 1
        self.b = 2

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.__dict__)
a = A()
print(len(a))
 
         
 
         __len__模式 
        
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.a = 1
        self.b = 2

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash(str(self.a)+str(self.b))
a = A()
print(hash(a))
 
         
 
         __hash__ 模式 
        
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.a = 1
        self.b = 2

    def __eq__(self,obj):
        if  self.a == obj.a and self.b == obj.b:
            return True
a = A()
b = A()
print(a == b)
 
         
 
         __eq__ 模式 
        
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class Person:
    def __init__(self,name,age,sex):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.sex = sex

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash(self.name+self.sex)

    def __eq__(self, other):
        if self.name == other.name and self.sex == other.sex:return True


p_lst = []
for i in range(84):
    p_lst.append(Person('egon',i,'male'))

print(p_lst)
print(set(p_lst))
 
         
 
         面試題 
        
 
        
 
 
        
 
 
        
 
 
        
 
 
        
 
 
        
 
 
        
---恢復內容結束---
 
        
isinstance和issubclass
 
        
isinstance(obj,cls)檢查是否obj是否是類 cls 的對象
 
        
 
         
class Foo:
    pass
class Son(Foo):
    pass
s=Son()

print(isinstance(s,Son))
 
        
 
        
 
 
        
issubclass(sub, super)檢查sub類是否是 super 類的派生類 
 
        
 
 
        
 
         
class Foo(object):
    pass
 
class Bar(Foo):
    pass
 
issubclass(Bar, Foo)
 
        
 
        
 
 
        
反射
 
        
python面向對象中的反射：通過字符串的形式操作對象相關的屬性，python中一切事物都是對象（都可以用反射）
 
        
下列方法適用於類和對象：
 
        
 
 
        
 檢查是否含有某屬性---hasattr 返回布爾值
獲取屬性---getattr 沒有就會報錯
設置屬性---setattr
刪除屬性---delattr
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class Foo:
    f = '類的靜態變量'
    def __init__(self,name,age):
        self.name=name
        self.age=age

    def say_hi(self):
        print('hi,%s'%self.name)

obj=Foo('egon',73)

#檢測是否含有某屬性
print(hasattr(obj,'name'))
print(hasattr(obj,'say_hi'))

#獲取屬性
n=getattr(obj,'name')
print(n)
func=getattr(obj,'say_hi')
func()

print(getattr(obj,'aaaaaaaa','不存在啊')) #報錯

#設置屬性
setattr(obj,'sb',True)
setattr(obj,'show_name',lambda self:self.name+'sb')
print(obj.__dict__)
print(obj.show_name(obj))

#刪除屬性
delattr(obj,'age')
delattr(obj,'show_name')
delattr(obj,'show_name111')#不存在,則報錯

print(obj.__dict__)
 
         
 
         四個方法的使用 
        
 
        
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class Foo(object):
 
    staticField = "old boy"
 
    def __init__(self):
        self.name = 'agg'
 
    def func(self):
        return 'func'
 
    @staticmethod
    def bar():
        return 'bar'
 
print getattr(Foo, 'staticField')
print getattr(Foo, 'func')
print getattr(Foo, 'bar')
 
         
 
         類也是屬性 
        
 
        
導入其他模塊
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
import my_module
def demo1():
    print('demo1')
print(hasattr(demo1,'demo1'))
 
         
 
         沒在同一個文件下找模塊 
        
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
def demo1():
    print('demo1')
import sys
module_obj=sys.modules[__name__]
print(hasattr(module_obj,'demo1'))
getattr(module_obj,'demo1')
 
         
 
         在一個文件下找模塊 
        
 
        
 
         改對象的字符串顯示__str__和__repr__: 
        
 
        
 
          
         %s和%r 
        
 
        
__del__
 
        
 
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class Foo:
    def __del__(self):
        print('fgs')
f=Foo()
print(123)
print(123)
del f
print(123)
print(123)
print(123)
 
         
 
         del示范 
        
 
        
 
 
        
item系列
 
        
 
 
        
__getitem__\__setitem__\__delitem__
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class Foo:
    def __init__(self,name):
        self.name=name

    def __getitem__(self, item):
        print(self.__dict__[item])

    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        self.__dict__[key]=value
    def __delitem__(self, key):
        print('del obj[key]時,我執行')
        self.__dict__.pop(key)
    def __delattr__(self, item):
        print('del obj.key時,我執行')
        self.__dict__.pop(item)

f1=Foo('sb')
f1['age']=18
f1['age1']=19
del f1.age1
del f1['age']
f1['name']='alex'
print(f1.__dict__)
 
         
 
         View Code 
        
 
        
__new__
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class A:
    def __init__(self):  #有一個方法在幫你創造self
        print('in init function')
        self.x=1
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        print('in init funct')
        return object.__new__(A,*args,**kwargs)
a=A()
 
         
 
         View Code 
        
 
        
單例模式
 
        
 
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class Singleton:
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kw):
        if not hasattr(cls, '_instance'):
            orig = super(Singleton, cls)
            cls._instance = orig.__new__(cls, *args, **kw)
        return cls._instance

one = Singleton()
two = Singleton()

two.a = 3
print(one.a)
# 3
# one和two完全相同,可以用id(), ==, is檢測
print(id(one))
# 29097904
print(id(two))
# 29097904
print(one == two)
# True
print(one is two)
 
         
 
         View Code 
        
 
        
 
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class Foo:

    def __init__(self):
        pass
    
    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):

        print('__call__')


obj = Foo() # 執行 __init__
obj()       # 執行 __call__
 
         
 
         __call__ 模式 
        
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.a = 1
        self.b = 2

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.__dict__)
a = A()
print(len(a))
 
         
 
         __len__模式 
        
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.a = 1
        self.b = 2

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash(str(self.a)+str(self.b))
a = A()
print(hash(a))
 
         
 
         __hash__ 模式 
        
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.a = 1
        self.b = 2

    def __eq__(self,obj):
        if  self.a == obj.a and self.b == obj.b:
            return True
a = A()
b = A()
print(a == b)
 
         
 
         __eq__ 模式 
        
 
        
 
          
          
         
 
          
class Person:
    def __init__(self,name,age,sex):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.sex = sex

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash(self.name+self.sex)

    def __eq__(self, other):
        if self.name == other.name and self.sex == other.sex:return True


p_lst = []
for i in range(84):
    p_lst.append(Person('egon',i,'male'))

print(p_lst)
print(set(p_lst))
 
         
 
         面試題 
        
 
        
 
 
       
 
        
       
 
        
 
 
       
 
        
       
 
       
 
      
 
      
 
      
 
     
 
     
 
      
 
      
 
        
       
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