使用TexLive有一段時間了，從2015到2017，一直運行如常。
最近，想把以前的文檔重新編譯，卻發現不能正常運行，費了好大一番工夫，才終於修復了這個bug，記錄如下。
問題描述：編譯一個簡單的 *.tex 文件時，經常報告系統文件找不到的錯誤，無論是 pdflatex，latex，xelatex 命令都有類似的錯誤。
test.tex 全文：
% test.tex \documentclass{article} \begin{document} hello \LaTeX! \end{document}
用 pdflatex 命令編譯報錯：
[...]$ pdflatex test.tex This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.18 (TeX Live 2017) (preloaded format=pdflatex) restricted \write18 enabled. kpathsea: Running mktexfmt pdflatex.fmt mktexfmt: mktexfmt is using the following fmtutil.cnf files (in precedence order): mktexfmt: /usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/web2c/fmtutil.cnf mktexfmt: mktexfmt is using the following fmtutil.cnf file for writing changes: mktexfmt: /home/She/.texlive2017/texmf-config/web2c/fmtutil.cnf mktexfmt [INFO]: writing formats under /home/She/.texlive2017/texmf-var/web2c mktexfmt [INFO]: --- remaking pdflatex with pdftex mktexfmt: running `pdftex -ini -jobname=pdflatex -progname=pdflatex -translate-file=cp227.tcx *pdflatex.ini' ... This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.18 (TeX Live 2017) (INITEX) restricted \write18 enabled. (/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/web2c/cp227.tcx) entering extended mode (/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/latex/latexconfig/pdflatex.ini ! I can't find file `pdftexconfig.tex'. l.2 \input pdftexconfig.tex (Press Enter to retry, or Control-D to exit) Please type another input file name: ! Emergency stop. l.2 \input pdftexconfig.tex No pages of output. Transcript written on pdflatex.log. mktexfmt [ERROR]: running `pdftex -ini -jobname=pdflatex -progname=pdflatex -translate-file=cp227.tcx *pdflatex.ini >&2 </dev/null' return status 1 mktexfmt [ERROR]: return error due to options --strict mktexfmt [INFO]: Disabled formats: 6 mktexfmt [INFO]: Not selected formats: 43 mktexfmt [INFO]: Failed to build: 1 (pdftex/pdflatex) mktexfmt [INFO]: Total formats: 50 mktexfmt [INFO]: exiting with status 1 I can't find the format file `pdflatex.fmt'!
實際上，上述文件 pdftexconfig.tex 和 pdflatex.fmt 是存在的，它們分別位於 /usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/generic/tex-ini-files/pdftexconfig.tex 和 /usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-var/web2c/pdftex/pdflatex.fmt 。
推斷這是由於該文件並不在搜索路徑內，以致於無法找到它們。接下來就是修復搜索路徑的問題。
此時，TexLive 2017 的系統環境變量為
[...]$ cat /etc/profile.d/texlive2017.sh #!/bin/bash # setting for TexLive 2017 environment variables, edit by She export TEXMF=/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist export PATH=$PATH:$HOME/.local/bin:$HOME/bin:/usr/local/texlive/2017/bin/x86_64-linux export MANPATH=/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/doc/man:$MANPATH export INFOPATH=/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/doc/info:$INFOPATH export TEXINPUTS=/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/latex/latexconfig
相應地，可以看到 kpsewhich 命令並不能搜索到相應的系統文件（這里以 minted.sty 文件為例），而且 TexLive 2017 下 tlmgr 工具的參數設置如下，紅色帶下划線的文字是我添加的注釋：
[...]$ kpsewhich pdflatex.ini /usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/latex/latexconfig/pdflatex.ini [...]$ kpsewhich --show-path=.sty /usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/latex/latexconfig [...]$ kpsewhich minted.sty # 這個命令沒有返回結果，說明 kpsewhich 的搜索路徑設置不當
[...]$
[...]$ tlmgr conf =========================== version information ========================== tlmgr revision 44836 (2017-07-18 01:59:48 +0200) tlmgr using installation: /usr/local/texlive/2017 TeX Live (http://tug.org/texlive) version 2017 ==================== executables found by searching PATH ================= PATH: /usr/local/texlive/2017/bin/x86_64-linux:/usr/lib64/qt-3.3/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin:/opt/pgi/linux86-64/17.4/bin:/home/She/.local/bin:/home/She/bin:/usr/local/texlive/2017/bin/x86_64-linux:/opt/pgi/linux86-64/17.4/bin:/home/She/.local/bin:/home/She/bin:/usr/local/texlive/2017/bin/x86_64-linux kpsewhich: /usr/local/texlive/2017/bin/x86_64-linux/kpsewhich updmap: /usr/local/texlive/2017/bin/x86_64-linux/updmap fmtutil: /usr/local/texlive/2017/bin/x86_64-linux/fmtutil tlmgr: /usr/local/texlive/2017/bin/x86_64-linux/tlmgr tex: /usr/local/texlive/2017/bin/x86_64-linux/tex pdftex: /usr/local/texlive/2017/bin/x86_64-linux/pdftex mktexpk: /usr/local/texlive/2017/bin/x86_64-linux/mktexpk dvips: /usr/local/texlive/2017/bin/x86_64-linux/dvips dvipdfmx: /usr/local/texlive/2017/bin/x86_64-linux/dvipdfmx =========================== active config files ========================== texmf.cnf: /usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf.cnf texmf.cnf: /usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/web2c/texmf.cnf updmap.cfg: /usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/web2c/updmap.cfg fmtutil.cnf: /usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/web2c/fmtutil.cnf config.ps: /usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/dvips/config/config.ps mktex.cnf: /usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/web2c/mktex.cnf pdftexconfig.tex: ============================= font map files ============================= psfonts.map: /usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/fonts/map/dvips/updmap/psfonts.map pdftex.map: /usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/fonts/map/pdftex/updmap/pdftex.map ps2pk.map: /usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/fonts/map/dvips/updmap/ps2pk.map kanjix.map: /usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/fonts/map/dvipdfmx/updmap/kanjix.map =========================== kpathsea variables =========================== TEXMFMAIN=/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist TEXMFDIST=/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist TEXMFLOCAL=/usr/local/texlive/texmf-local TEXMFSYSVAR=/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-var TEXMFSYSCONFIG=/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-config TEXMFVAR=/home/She/.texlive2017/texmf-var TEXMFCONFIG=/home/She/.texlive2017/texmf-config TEXMFHOME=/home/She/texmf VARTEXFONTS=/home/She/.texlive2017/texmf-var/fonts TEXMF=/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist SYSTEXMF=/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-var:/usr/local/texlive/texmf-local:/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist TEXMFDBS={!!/usr/local/texlive/texmf-local,!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-config,!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-var,!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist} WEB2C=/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/web2c TEXPSHEADERS=.:/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/{dvips,fonts/{enc,type1,type42,type3}}// TEXCONFIG=/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/dvips// ENCFONTS=.:/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/fonts/enc// TEXFONTMAPS=.:/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/fonts/map/{kpsewhich,pdftex,dvips,}// ==== kpathsea variables from environment only (ok if no output here) ==== TEXINPUTS=/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/latex/latexconfig
[...]$ echo $TEXINPUTS /usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/latex/latexconfig
[...]$
注意到，minted.sty 文件的默認路徑為 /usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/latex/minted/minted.sty，而 kpsewhich 命令並不能搜索到它，這是因為 kpsewhich 的搜索目錄設置不當；tlmgr 命令返回的參數中有兩處錯誤（紅色背景所示），一是 pdftexconfig.tex 的位置未指定，二是 $TEXINPUTS 的內容僅由系統的環境變量所指定，而不會使用 TexLive 默認的目錄設置（TexLive 專用的樹形目錄結構 TDS）。特別指出，tlmgr 命令的第二個錯誤寫道：“==== kpathsea variables from environment only (ok if no output here) ====”，以后可以利用這里的輸出字段來查詢是否定義了沖突的系統變量。
接下來，修改 TexLive 2017 環境變量的設置文件，並且更新 TexLive 的設置。
[...]$ vi ~/Documents/texlive2017.sh #!/bin/bash # setting for TexLive 2017 environment variables, edit by She export PATH=$PATH:$HOME/.local/bin:$HOME/bin:/usr/local/texlive/2017/bin/x86_64-linux export MANPATH=/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/doc/man:$MANPATH export INFOPATH=/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/doc/info:$INFOPATH [...]$ sudo cp ~/Documents/texlive2017.sh /etc/profile.d/texlive2017.sh
[...]$ source /etc/profile.d/texlive2017.sh
[...]$ sudo texhash
注銷，再重新登錄。
此時，查詢這個變量 $TEXINPUTS 是否有值，再重復之前的 pdflatex 編譯工作，可以看到 pdflatex 命令運行正常，可以生成相應的 test.pdf 文件：
[...]$ echo $TEXINPUTS [...]$ pdflatex test.tex This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.18 (TeX Live 2017) (preloaded format=pdflatex) restricted \write18 enabled. entering extended mode (./test.tex LaTeX2e <2017-04-15> Babel <3.12> and hyphenation patterns for 84 language(s) loaded. (/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls Document Class: article 2014/09/29 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class (/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size10.clo)) (./test.aux) [1{/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-var/fonts/map/pdftex/updmap/pdftex.map}] (./test.aux) )</usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/amsfonts/c m/cmr10.pfb></usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/amsfonts/cm/ cmr7.pfb> Output written on test.pdf (1 page, 19263 bytes). Transcript written on test.log.
而且，tlmgr 工具的參數以及 kpsewhich 查詢測試均正常，結果如下：
[...]$ kpsewhich --show-path=.sty .:/home/She/.texlive2017/texmf-config/tex/kpsewhich//:/home/She/.texlive2017/texmf-var/tex/kpsewhich//:/home/She/texmf/tex/kpsewhich//:!!/usr/local/texlive/texmf-local/tex/kpsewhich//:!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-config/tex/kpsewhich//:!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-var/tex/kpsewhich//:!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/kpsewhich//:/home/She/.texlive2017/texmf-config/tex/generic//:/home/She/.texlive2017/texmf-var/tex/generic//:/home/She/texmf/tex/generic//:!!/usr/local/texlive/texmf-local/tex/generic//:!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-config/tex/generic//:!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-var/tex/generic//:!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/generic//:/home/She/.texlive2017/texmf-config/tex///:/home/She/.texlive2017/texmf-var/tex///:/home/She/texmf/tex///:!!/usr/local/texlive/texmf-local/tex///:!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-config/tex///:!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-var/tex///:!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/// [...]$ kpsewhich --show-path=.fmt .:/home/She/.texlive2017/texmf-config/web2c/unsetengine:/home/She/.texlive2017/texmf-var/web2c/unsetengine:/home/She/texmf/web2c/unsetengine:!!/usr/local/texlive/texmf-local/web2c/unsetengine:!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-config/web2c/unsetengine:!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-var/web2c/unsetengine:!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/web2c/unsetengine:/home/She/.texlive2017/texmf-config/web2c:/home/She/.texlive2017/texmf-var/web2c:/home/She/texmf/web2c:!!/usr/local/texlive/texmf-local/web2c:!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-config/web2c:!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-var/web2c:!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/web2c [...]$ which kpsewhich /usr/local/texlive/2017/bin/x86_64-linux/kpsewhich [...]$ kpsewhich minted.sty /usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/latex/minted/minted.sty [...]$ kpsewhich pdflatex.fmt [...]$ kpsewhich pdflatex.ini /usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/latex/latexconfig/pdflatex.in
[...]$ tlmgr conf =========================== version information ========================== tlmgr revision 44836 (2017-07-18 01:59:48 +0200) tlmgr using installation: /usr/local/texlive/2017 TeX Live (http://tug.org/texlive) version 2017 ==================== executables found by searching PATH ================= PATH: /usr/local/texlive/2017/bin/x86_64-linux:/usr/lib64/qt-3.3/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin:/opt/pgi/linux86-64/17.4/bin:/home/She/.local/bin:/home/She/bin:/usr/local/texlive/2017/bin/x86_64-linux:/opt/pgi/linux86-64/17.4/bin:/home/She/.local/bin:/home/She/bin:/usr/local/texlive/2017/bin/x86_64-linux kpsewhich: /usr/local/texlive/2017/bin/x86_64-linux/kpsewhich updmap: /usr/local/texlive/2017/bin/x86_64-linux/updmap fmtutil: /usr/local/texlive/2017/bin/x86_64-linux/fmtutil tlmgr: /usr/local/texlive/2017/bin/x86_64-linux/tlmgr tex: /usr/local/texlive/2017/bin/x86_64-linux/tex pdftex: /usr/local/texlive/2017/bin/x86_64-linux/pdftex mktexpk: /usr/local/texlive/2017/bin/x86_64-linux/mktexpk dvips: /usr/local/texlive/2017/bin/x86_64-linux/dvips dvipdfmx: /usr/local/texlive/2017/bin/x86_64-linux/dvipdfmx =========================== active config files ========================== texmf.cnf: /usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf.cnf texmf.cnf: /usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/web2c/texmf.cnf updmap.cfg: /usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/web2c/updmap.cfg fmtutil.cnf: /usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/web2c/fmtutil.cnf config.ps: /usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/dvips/config/config.ps mktex.cnf: /usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/web2c/mktex.cnf pdftexconfig.tex: /usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/generic/tex-ini-files/pdftexconfig.tex ============================= font map files ============================= psfonts.map: /usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-var/fonts/map/dvips/updmap/psfonts.map pdftex.map: /usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-var/fonts/map/pdftex/updmap/pdftex.map ps2pk.map: /usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-var/fonts/map/dvips/updmap/ps2pk.map kanjix.map: /usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-var/fonts/map/dvipdfmx/updmap/kanjix.map =========================== kpathsea variables =========================== TEXMFMAIN=/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist TEXMFDIST=/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist TEXMFLOCAL=/usr/local/texlive/texmf-local TEXMFSYSVAR=/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-var TEXMFSYSCONFIG=/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-config TEXMFVAR=/home/She/.texlive2017/texmf-var TEXMFCONFIG=/home/She/.texlive2017/texmf-config TEXMFHOME=/home/She/texmf VARTEXFONTS=/home/She/.texlive2017/texmf-var/fonts TEXMF={{}/home/She/.texlive2017/texmf-config,/home/She/.texlive2017/texmf-var,/home/She/texmf,!!/usr/local/texlive/texmf-local,!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-config,!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-var,!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist} SYSTEXMF=/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-var:/usr/local/texlive/texmf-local:/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist TEXMFDBS={!!/usr/local/texlive/texmf-local,!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-config,!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-var,!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist} WEB2C={{}/home/She/.texlive2017/texmf-config,/home/She/.texlive2017/texmf-var,/home/She/texmf,!!/usr/local/texlive/texmf-local,!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-config,!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-var,!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist}/web2c TEXPSHEADERS=.:{{}/home/She/.texlive2017/texmf-config,/home/She/.texlive2017/texmf-var,/home/She/texmf,!!/usr/local/texlive/texmf-local,!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-config,!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-var,!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist}/{dvips,fonts/{enc,type1,type42,type3}}// TEXCONFIG={{}/home/She/.texlive2017/texmf-config,/home/She/.texlive2017/texmf-var,/home/She/texmf,!!/usr/local/texlive/texmf-local,!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-config,!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-var,!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist}/dvips// ENCFONTS=.:{{}/home/She/.texlive2017/texmf-config,/home/She/.texlive2017/texmf-var,/home/She/texmf,!!/usr/local/texlive/texmf-local,!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-config,!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-var,!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist}/fonts/enc// TEXFONTMAPS=.:{{}/home/She/.texlive2017/texmf-config,/home/She/.texlive2017/texmf-var,/home/She/texmf,!!/usr/local/texlive/texmf-local,!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-config,!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-var,!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist}/fonts/map/{kpsewhich,pdftex,dvips,}// ==== kpathsea variables from environment only (ok if no output here) ====
[...]$
小結：通過以上對比，起碼有以下兩種方法來查看 TexLive 的搜索路徑是否正常：
（1）通過查看 kpsewhich --show-path=.sty 命令的返回結果來判斷系統路徑是否正常
# 錯誤的返回結果 [...]$ kpsewhich --show-path=.sty /usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/latex/latexconfig [...]$ kpsewhich minted.sty [...]$ # 正確的返回結果 [...]$ kpsewhich --show-path=.sty .:/home/She/.texlive2017/texmf-config/tex/kpsewhich//:/home/She/.texlive2017/texmf-var/tex/kpsewhich//:/home/She/texmf/tex/kpsewhich//:!!/usr/local/texlive/texmf-local/tex/kpsewhich//:!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-config/tex/kpsewhich//:!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-var/tex/kpsewhich//:!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/kpsewhich//:/home/She/.texlive2017/texmf-config/tex/generic//:/home/She/.texlive2017/texmf-var/tex/generic//:/home/She/texmf/tex/generic//:!!/usr/local/texlive/texmf-local/tex/generic//:!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-config/tex/generic//:!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-var/tex/generic//:!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/generic//:/home/She/.texlive2017/texmf-config/tex///:/home/She/.texlive2017/texmf-var/tex///:/home/She/texmf/tex///:!!/usr/local/texlive/texmf-local/tex///:!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-config/tex///:!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-var/tex///:!!/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/// [...]$ kpsewhich minted.sty /usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/latex/minted/minted.sty
[...]$
（2）通過查看 命令的返回結果來准確判斷，各個變量的值必須要准確賦值，而且在最后一行的內容不能為空
[...]$ tlmgr conf ... =========================== active config files ========================== ... pdftexconfig.tex: /usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/generic/tex-ini-files/pdftexconfig.tex # pdftexconfig.tex的路徑必須查詢到，否則會出錯 ============================= font map files ============================= ... =========================== kpathsea variables =========================== ... ==== kpathsea variables from environment only (ok if no output here) ==== # 這一行之后列出的是沖突的系統變量名，如無，則一切正常；如有，則找到並注釋掉它 TEXINPUTS=/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/latex/latexconfig # 這里不能有沖突的系統變量，如有，則需要找到該變量的設置部分，並注釋掉它或者刪去它
更詳細的 Kpathsea 有關的參數設置，可以查看TexLive 的官方說明文檔：https://www.tug.org/texlive/doc/texlive-zh-cn/texlive-zh-cn.pdf。