iBeacon的工作原理是基於Bluetooth Low Energy(BLE)低功耗藍牙傳輸技術,iBeacon基站不斷向四周發送藍牙信號。當智能設備進入設定區域時。就行收到信號。
僅僅要滿足iBeacon技術標准的都可以使用,所以Android也可以支持iBeacon。Google在Android4.3中支持BLE技術
定位一直是很關鍵的功能。
通過iBeacon基站的部署可以實現室內導航。同一時候通過藍牙推送信息,iBeacon在商場零售或者一些公共服務領域如體育館、博物館能提供很棒的體驗。
尤其是藍牙不錯傳輸距離、低功耗、以及信號加密使得iBeacon在移動支付領域也很有前景。總之,iBeacon的潛力似乎是無窮大,也受到了越來越多的關注。
要了解iBeacon是怎樣工作首先我們要了解BLE。BLE(也稱為Bluetooth Smart)最早追溯到Nokia於2006年提出的Wibree,后來融合進了藍牙標准,成為Bluetooth4.0的一部分。眼下我們常常能看到3種藍牙設備:
- Bluetooth:僅僅支持傳統模式的藍牙設備
- Bluetooth Smart Ready:支持傳統和低功耗兩種模式設備
- Bluetooth Smart:僅僅支持低功耗藍牙設備

BLE與傳統的藍牙相比最大的優勢是功耗減少90%,同一時候傳輸距離增大(超過100米)、安全和穩定性提高(支持AES加密和CRC驗證)。
iBeacon同一時候有一些自己的特點:
- 無需配對,一般藍牙設備印象中都須要配對工作。iBeacon無需配對,由於它是採用藍牙的廣播頻道傳送信號。
- 程序能夠后台喚醒,iBeacon的信息推送須要App支持。
可是我們接收iBeacon信號無需打開App,僅僅要保證安裝了,同一時候手機藍牙打開。
iBeacon是怎樣工作呢?實際上iBeacon基站通過藍牙的廣播頻道不斷向外發送位置信息,發送頻率越快越耗電。也就是說iBeacon並不推送消息,而僅僅是用於定位,推送消息的功能必須由App來完畢。蘋果定義了iBeacon 當中32位廣播的數據格式。

- UUID:廠商識別號
- Major:相當於群組號,同一個組里Beacon有同樣的Major
- Minor:相當於識別群組里單個的Beacon
- TX Power:用於測量設備離Beacon的距離
UUID+Major+Minor就構成了一個Beacon的識別號,有點類似於網絡中的IP地址。TX Power用於測距。iBeacon眼下僅僅定義了大概的3個粗略級別:
- 很近(Immediate): 大概10厘米內
- 近(Near):1米內
- 遠(Far):1米外
這里主要是對其使用方法做一個介紹:
首先是獲取BluetoothAdapter對象:
final BluetoothManager bluetoothManager =
(BluetoothManager) getSystemService(Context.BLUETOOTH_SERVICE);
mBluetoothAdapter = bluetoothManager.getAdapter();
mBluetoothAdapter.startLeScan(mLeScanCallback);
然后就是它的回調。在這里對搜索到的iBeacon設備距手機的信號強度做了一個排序
private BluetoothAdapter.LeScanCallback mLeScanCallback =
new BluetoothAdapter.LeScanCallback() {
@Override
public void onLeScan(final BluetoothDevice device, int rssi, byte[] scanRecord) {
final iBeacon ibeacon = iBeaconClass.fromScanData(device,rssi,scanRecord);
addDevice(ibeacon);
Collections.sort(mLeDevices, new Comparator<iBeacon>() {
@Override
public int compare(iBeacon h1, iBeacon h2) {
return h2.rssi - h1.rssi;
}
});
}
};
最后把搜索到的數據加入到集合中去
private ArrayList<iBeacon> mLeDevices = new ArrayList<iBeacon>();
private void addDevice(iBeacon device) { //更新beacon信息
if(device==null) {
Log.d("DeviceScanActivity ", "device==null ");
return;
}
for(int i=0;i<mLeDevices.size();i++){
String btAddress = mLeDevices.get(i).bluetoothAddress;
if(btAddress.equals(device.bluetoothAddress)){
mLeDevices.add(i+1, device);
mLeDevices.remove(i);
break;
}
}
mLeDevices.add(device);
}
我們在iBbeaconClass類中對其進行數據的解析處理。參考:https://github.com/AltBeacon/android-beacon-library
public class iBeaconClass {
static public class iBeacon{
public String name;
public int major;
public int minor;
public String proximityUuid;
public String bluetoothAddress;
public int txPower;
public int rssi;
}
public static iBeacon fromScanData(BluetoothDevice device, int rssi,byte[] scanData) {
int startByte = 2;
boolean patternFound = false;
while (startByte <= 5) {
if (((int)scanData[startByte+2] & 0xff) == 0x02 &&
((int)scanData[startByte+3] & 0xff) == 0x15) {
// yes! This is an iBeacon
patternFound = true;
break;
}
else if (((int)scanData[startByte] & 0xff) == 0x2d &&
((int)scanData[startByte+1] & 0xff) == 0x24 &&
((int)scanData[startByte+2] & 0xff) == 0xbf &&
((int)scanData[startByte+3] & 0xff) == 0x16) {
iBeacon iBeacon = new iBeacon();
iBeacon.major = 0;
iBeacon.minor = 0;
iBeacon.proximityUuid = "00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000";
iBeacon.txPower = -55;
return iBeacon;
}
else if (((int)scanData[startByte] & 0xff) == 0xad &&
((int)scanData[startByte+1] & 0xff) == 0x77 &&
((int)scanData[startByte+2] & 0xff) == 0x00 &&
((int)scanData[startByte+3] & 0xff) == 0xc6) {
iBeacon iBeacon = new iBeacon();
iBeacon.major = 0;
iBeacon.minor = 0;
iBeacon.proximityUuid = "00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000";
iBeacon.txPower = -55;
return iBeacon;
}
startByte++;
}
if (patternFound == false) {
// This is not an iBeacon
return null;
}
iBeacon iBeacon = new iBeacon();
iBeacon.major = (scanData[startByte+20] & 0xff) * 0x100 + (scanData[startByte+21] & 0xff);
iBeacon.minor = (scanData[startByte+22] & 0xff) * 0x100 + (scanData[startByte+23] & 0xff);
iBeacon.txPower = (int)scanData[startByte+24]; // this one is signed
iBeacon.rssi = rssi;
// AirLocate:
// 02 01 1a 1a ff 4c 00 02 15 # Apple's fixed iBeacon advertising prefix
// e2 c5 6d b5 df fb 48 d2 b0 60 d0 f5 a7 10 96 e0 # iBeacon profile uuid
// 00 00 # major
// 00 00 # minor
// c5 # The 2's complement of the calibrated Tx Power
// Estimote:
// 02 01 1a 11 07 2d 24 bf 16
// 394b31ba3f486415ab376e5c0f09457374696d6f7465426561636f6e00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
byte[] proximityUuidBytes = new byte[16];
System.arraycopy(scanData, startByte+4, proximityUuidBytes, 0, 16);
String hexString = bytesToHexString(proximityUuidBytes);
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
sb.append(hexString.substring(0,8));
sb.append("-");
sb.append(hexString.substring(8,12));
sb.append("-");
sb.append(hexString.substring(12,16));
sb.append("-");
sb.append(hexString.substring(16,20));
sb.append("-");
sb.append(hexString.substring(20,32));
iBeacon.proximityUuid = sb.toString();
if (device != null) {
iBeacon.bluetoothAddress = device.getAddress();
iBeacon.name = device.getName();
}
return iBeacon;
}
public static String bytesToHexString(byte[] src){
StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder("");
if (src == null || src.length <= 0) {
return null;
}
for (int i = 0; i < src.length; i++) {
int v = src[i] & 0xFF;
String hv = Integer.toHexString(v);
if (hv.length() < 2) {
stringBuilder.append(0);
}
stringBuilder.append(hv);
}
return stringBuilder.toString();
}
}
