侯捷STL學習(一)--順序容器測試

• 開始跟着《STL源碼剖析》的作者侯捷真人視頻，學習STL,了解STL背后的真實故事！
• 視頻鏈接：侯捷STL
• 還有很大其他視頻需要的留言

第一節：STL版本和重要資源

• STL和標准庫的區別

• 三個網站
  • CPlusPlus
  • CppReference
  • gcc.gnu.org
  • Boost

第二節：STL六大部件

• 迭代器將容器和算法結合起來
• 分配器實現，適配器用的地方很多

• 實例：

• 理解容器的前閉后開的設計。迭代器類似於指針，很多操作和指針差不多++,--運算。vec.begin(),vec.end()指向容器最后一個元素的下一個位置，解引用*（vec.end()）錯誤！
• auto關鍵字的應用

std::vector<double> vec;
for(auto elem: vec)
{
   std::cout<<elem<<std::endl;
}

第三節：容器之分類和各種測試（一）

分類結構

• 紅色框中標注的是C++11開始有的容器
• Array數組容器，大小固定的
• Deque:兩段都可以進行插入刪除操作，但是從內存上講不通，怎么實現的要從后面的學習知道。
• List:是一個雙向的循環鏈表，注意是雙向的。
• Forward-List:單向鏈表，當能用單向鏈表的時候盡量用，可以減少內存空間，一個指針在32位pc上占4個字節，當數據量很多上百萬，不可忽略！
• Set鍵值都一樣，MultiSet允許元素有重復。
• Set/Map用紅黑樹實現，RB-tree是自平衡的二叉樹。
• Unorder Containers:是C++標准庫里賣的內容。
• 根據這些圖例，可以知道這些容器在內存用到的數據結構是什么樣的。
• HashTable實現方法很多，但基本都用Separate Chaining(分離鏈地址法實現)。

測試Array

• 指針void* a -> *(long*)a;
• array<long, size> c使用初始化大小，#include<array>
• c.data()返回這個數組的初始地址，和數組的地址對比
• qsort應用：qsort(c.data,size,size(long),comparelongs)
• bsearch()應用,查找前必須排好序了：bsearch(&target,(c.data()),size,size(long),comparelongs)
• qsort,bsearch包含頭文件#include<cstdlib>，C本身庫函數

#include <array>
#include <iostream>
#include <ctime> 
#include <cstdlib> //qsort, bsearch, NULL

namespace jj01
{
void test_array()
{
	cout << "\ntest_array().......... \n";
     
array<long,ASIZE> c;  	
			
clock_t timeStart = clock();									
    for(long i=0; i< ASIZE; ++i) {
        c[i] = rand(); 
    }
	cout << "milli-seconds : " << (clock()-timeStart) << endl;	//
	cout << "array.size()= " << c.size() << endl;		
	cout << "array.front()= " << c.front() << endl;	
	cout << "array.back()= " << c.back() << endl;	
	cout << "array.data()= " << c.data() << endl;	
	
long target = get_a_target_long();

	timeStart = clock();
    ::qsort(c.data(), ASIZE, sizeof(long), compareLongs);
long* pItem = (long*)::bsearch(&target, (c.data()), ASIZE, sizeof(long), compareLongs); 
	cout << "qsort()+bsearch(), milli-seconds : " << (clock()-timeStart) << endl;	//    
  	if (pItem != NULL)
    	cout << "found, " << *pItem << endl;
  	else
    	cout << "not found! " << endl;	
}
}

第四節：容器之分類和各種測試（二）

測試Vector

• 主要通過程序細節說明
• namespace命名空間的說明
• vector的增長速度是2倍增長，當capacity不夠時，容量增長為前面的2倍。是在另外的2倍空間！
• try...catch...捕獲函數，字符串最大占一個指針大小，空間不夠的時候拋出，abort()退出
• ::find()模板函數，加冒號表明是全局函數，當沒有冒號時，編譯器在當前沒有找到，也會到全局去找。
• 用兩種查找算法比較，find()用時更少。

#include <vector>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <string>
#include <cstdlib> //abort()   //qsort, bsearch, NULL
#include <cstdio>  //snprintf()
#include <iostream>
#include <ctime> 
#include <algorithm> 	//sort()
namespace jj02
{
void test_vector(long& value)
{
	cout << "\ntest_vector().......... \n";
     
vector<string> c;  	
char buf[10];
			
clock_t timeStart = clock();								
    for(long i=0; i< value; ++i)
    {
    	try {
    		snprintf(buf, 10, "%d", rand());
        	c.push_back(string(buf));     		
		}
		catch(exception& p) {
			cout << "i=" << i << " " << p.what() << endl;	
			     //曾經最高 i=58389486 then std::bad_alloc
			abort();
		}
	}
	cout << "milli-seconds : " << (clock()-timeStart) << endl;	
	cout << "vector.max_size()= " << c.max_size() << endl;	//1073747823
	cout << "vector.size()= " << c.size() << endl;		
	cout << "vector.front()= " << c.front() << endl;	
	cout << "vector.back()= " << c.back() << endl;	
	cout << "vector.data()= " << c.data() << endl;
	cout << "vector.capacity()= " << c.capacity() << endl << endl;		

																				
string target = get_a_target_string();
    {
	timeStart = clock();
auto pItem = find(c.begin(), c.end(), target);
	cout << "std::find(), milli-seconds : " << (clock()-timeStart) << endl;  
	 
  	if (pItem != c.end())
    	cout << "found, " << *pItem << endl << endl;
  	else
    	cout << "not found! " << endl << endl;
    }

	{
	timeStart = clock();
    sort(c.begin(), c.end());
	cout << "sort(), milli-seconds : " << (clock()-timeStart) << endl; 
	
	timeStart = clock();	    
string* pItem = (string*)::bsearch(&target, (c.data()), 
                                   c.size(), sizeof(string), compareStrings); 
	cout << "bsearch(), milli-seconds : " << (clock()-timeStart) << endl; 
	   
  	if (pItem != NULL)
    	cout << "found, " << *pItem << endl << endl;
  	else
    	cout << "not found! " << endl << endl;	
	}
	
	c.clear();
	test_moveable(vector<MyString>(),vector<MyStrNoMove>(), value);	
}	
}

第五節：容器之分類和各種測試（三）

測試List，雙向鏈表

• list.max_size()按理list是動態申請空間的，為什么最大的size呢？
• list雙向鏈表實現
• 有趣的c.sort(),這里注意在STL標准庫全局有一個sort函數，但這里調用的是list容器自身內部的sort函數。注意在STL容器中有些自身有sort函數，此時用自身的排序算法更快。

#include <list>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <string>
#include <cstdlib> //abort()
#include <cstdio>  //snprintf()
#include <algorithm> //find()
#include <iostream>
#include <ctime> 
namespace jj03
{
void test_list(long& value)
{
	cout << "\ntest_list().......... \n";
     
list<string> c;  	
char buf[10];
			
clock_t timeStart = clock();							
    for(long i=0; i< value; ++i)
    {
    	try {
    		snprintf(buf, 10, "%d", rand());
        	c.push_back(string(buf));    	
		}
		catch(exception& p) {
			cout << "i=" << i << " " << p.what() << endl;	
			abort();
		}
	}
	cout << "milli-seconds : " << (clock()-timeStart) << endl;		
	cout << "list.size()= " << c.size() << endl;
	cout << "list.max_size()= " << c.max_size() << endl;    //357913941
	cout << "list.front()= " << c.front() << endl;	
	cout << "list.back()= " << c.back() << endl;		
		
string target = get_a_target_string();		
    timeStart = clock();		
auto pItem = find(c.begin(), c.end(), target);						
	cout << "std::find(), milli-seconds : " << (clock()-timeStart) << endl;		
	
  	if (pItem != c.end())
    	cout << "found, " << *pItem << endl;
  	else
    	cout << "not found! " << endl;	
    	
    timeStart = clock();		
	c.sort();						
	cout << "c.sort(), milli-seconds : " << (clock()-timeStart) << endl;		    	
    	
	c.clear();
	test_moveable(list<MyString>(),list<MyStrNoMove>(), value);								
}	
}

測試forward-list，單向鏈表

• forward-list單向鏈表，C++11出現的
• push_front在鏈表頭插入，不提供在尾部插入，效率低些。
• front取鏈表頭的元素，不提供back()操作取鏈表尾的元素。
• c.sort()用它自身的排序算法

#include <forward_list>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <string>
#include <cstdlib> //abort()
#include <cstdio>  //snprintf()
#include <iostream>
#include <ctime> 
namespace jj04
{
void test_forward_list(long& value)
{
	cout << "\ntest_forward_list().......... \n";
     
forward_list<string> c;  	
char buf[10];
			
clock_t timeStart = clock();								
    for(long i=0; i< value; ++i)
    {
    	try {
    		snprintf(buf, 10, "%d", rand());
        	c.push_front(string(buf));  			   		
		}
		catch(exception& p) {
			cout << "i=" << i << " " << p.what() << endl;	
			abort();
		}
	}
	cout << "milli-seconds : " << (clock()-timeStart) << endl;	
	cout << "forward_list.max_size()= " << c.max_size() << endl;  //536870911
	cout << "forward_list.front()= " << c.front() << endl;	


string target = get_a_target_string();	
    timeStart = clock();			
auto pItem = find(c.begin(), c.end(), target);	
	cout << "std::find(), milli-seconds : " << (clock()-timeStart) << endl;		
	
	if (pItem != c.end())
    	cout << "found, " << *pItem << endl;
  	else
    	cout << "not found! " << endl;	
    	
    timeStart = clock();		
	c.sort();						
	cout << "c.sort(), milli-seconds : " << (clock()-timeStart) << endl;		
	
	c.clear();	 
}											 
}

測試slist

• Gnu C之前的單鏈表,forward-list是C++11才出現的
• #include<ext\slist>頭文件

#include <ext\slist>
	//注意, 上一行並沒有引發警告訊息如 #include <ext\hash_set> 所引發者： 
	//...\4.9.2\include\c++\backward\backward_warning.h	
	//[Warning] ...
	
#include <stdexcept>
#include <string>
#include <cstdlib> //abort()
#include <cstdio>  //snprintf()
#include <iostream>
#include <ctime> 
namespace jj10
{
void test_slist(long& value)
{
	cout << "\ntest_slist().......... \n";
     
	__gnu_cxx::slist<string> c;  	
	char buf[10];
			
    clock_t timeStart = clock();								
    for(long i=0; i< value; ++i)
    {
    	try {
    		snprintf(buf, 10, "%d", rand());
        	c.push_front(string(buf));     		
		}
		catch(exception& p) {
			cout << "i=" << i << " " << p.what() << endl;	
			abort();
		}
	}
	cout << "milli-seconds : " << (clock()-timeStart) << endl;			
}															
}

測試deque

• 雙向開口，是分段連續，感覺是連續的，其實不是。
• 內存上兩邊都可以擴充
• 每次512擴充，兩邊擴充申請buffer,buffer由指針指向
• max_size由限制，使用全局的sort排序

#include <deque>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <string>
#include <cstdlib> //abort()
#include <cstdio>  //snprintf()
#include <iostream>
#include <ctime> 
namespace jj05
{
void test_deque(long& value)
{
	cout << "\ntest_deque().......... \n";
     
deque<string> c;  	
char buf[10];
			
clock_t timeStart = clock();								
    for(long i=0; i< value; ++i)
    {
    	try {
    		snprintf(buf, 10, "%d", rand());
        	c.push_back(string(buf));    			 		
		}
		catch(exception& p) {
			cout << "i=" << i << " " << p.what() << endl;	
			abort();
		}
	}
	cout << "milli-seconds : " << (clock()-timeStart) << endl;		
	cout << "deque.size()= " << c.size() << endl;
	cout << "deque.front()= " << c.front() << endl;	
	cout << "deque.back()= " << c.back() << endl;	
	cout << "deque.max_size()= " << c.max_size() << endl;	//1073741821	
	
string target = get_a_target_string();	
    timeStart = clock();			
auto pItem = find(c.begin(), c.end(), target);	
	cout << "std::find(), milli-seconds : " << (clock()-timeStart) << endl;	
	
	if (pItem != c.end())
    	cout << "found, " << *pItem << endl;
  	else
    	cout << "not found! " << endl;	
    	
    timeStart = clock();		
	sort(c.begin(), c.end());						
	cout << "sort(), milli-seconds : " << (clock()-timeStart) << endl;		
	
	c.clear();
	test_moveable(deque<MyString>(),deque<MyStrNoMove>(), value);		 						
}															
}

測試stack

• 棧,數據結構上和deque差不多
• 兩段插入插入刪除受限的容器
• 也有人叫做容器的適配器adapter
• 沒有提供容器的迭代器iterator,否則對迭代器的操作會破壞堆棧的結構
• 也沒有提供find,sort的功能；但是有時候讓你實現堆棧的排序操作

#include <stack>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <string>
#include <cstdlib> //abort()
#include <cstdio>  //snprintf()
#include <iostream>
#include <ctime> 
namespace jj17
{
void test_stack(long& value)
{
	cout << "\ntest_stack().......... \n";
     
stack<string> c;  	
char buf[10];
			
clock_t timeStart = clock();								
    for(long i=0; i< value; ++i)
    {
    	try {
    		snprintf(buf, 10, "%d", rand());
        	c.push(string(buf));    			 		
		}
		catch(exception& p) {
			cout << "i=" << i << " " << p.what() << endl;
			abort();
		}
	}
	cout << "milli-seconds : " << (clock()-timeStart) << endl;	
	cout << "stack.size()= " << c.size() << endl;
	cout << "stack.top()= " << c.top() << endl;	
	c.pop();
	cout << "stack.size()= " << c.size() << endl;
	cout << "stack.top()= " << c.top() << endl;	
	
	
	{
stack<string, list<string>> c;		//以 list 為底層 
    for(long i=0; i< 10; ++i) {
    		snprintf(buf, 10, "%d", rand());
        	c.push(string(buf));    			 		
	}
	cout << "stack.size()= " << c.size() << endl;
	cout << "stack.top()= " << c.top() << endl;	
	c.pop();
	cout << "stack.size()= " << c.size() << endl;
	cout << "stack.top()= " << c.top() << endl;	
    }	
	
	{
stack<string, vector<string>> c;	//以 vector 為底層 
    for(long i=0; i< 10; ++i) {
    		snprintf(buf, 10, "%d", rand());
        	c.push(string(buf));    			 		
	}
	cout << "stack.size()= " << c.size() << endl;
	cout << "stack.top()= " << c.top() << endl;	
	c.pop();
	cout << "stack.size()= " << c.size() << endl;
	cout << "stack.top()= " << c.top() << endl;	
    }

	{
stack<string, set<string>> c;	//以 set 為底層 
/*!
    for(long i=0; i< 10; ++i) {
    		snprintf(buf, 10, "%d", rand());
        	c.push(string(buf));    			 		
	}
	cout << "stack.size()= " << c.size() << endl;
	cout << "stack.top()= " << c.top() << endl;	
	c.pop();
	cout << "stack.size()= " << c.size() << endl;
	cout << "stack.top()= " << c.top() << endl;	
	
//[Error] 'class std::set<std::basic_string<char> >' has no member named 'push_back'
//[Error] 'class std::set<std::basic_string<char> >' has no member named 'back'
//[Error] 'class std::set<std::basic_string<char> >' has no member named 'pop_back'
*/
    }
			
//!stack<string, map(string>> c5;	////以 map 為底層, [Error] template argument 2 is invalid
//!stack<string>::iterator ite1;  	//[Error] 'iterator' is not a member of 'std::stack<std::basic_string<char> >'
		
}															
}

測試queue

• 堆，數據結構上有deque衍生出來的
• 沒有提供容器的迭代器iterator,否則對迭代器的操作會破壞堆棧的結構

#include <queue>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <string>
#include <cstdlib> //abort()
#include <cstdio>  //snprintf()
#include <iostream>
#include <ctime> 
namespace jj18
{
void test_queue(long& value)
{
	cout << "\ntest_queue().......... \n";
     
queue<string> c;  	
char buf[10];
			
clock_t timeStart = clock();								
    for(long i=0; i< value; ++i)
    {
    	try {
    		snprintf(buf, 10, "%d", rand());
        	c.push(string(buf));    			 		
		}
		catch(exception& p) {
			cout << "i=" << i << " " << p.what() << endl;
			abort();
		}
	}
	cout << "milli-seconds : " << (clock()-timeStart) << endl;	
	cout << "queue.size()= " << c.size() << endl;
	cout << "queue.front()= " << c.front() << endl;	
	cout << "queue.back()= " << c.back() << endl;		
	c.pop();
	cout << "queue.size()= " << c.size() << endl;
	cout << "queue.front()= " << c.front() << endl;	
	cout << "queue.back()= " << c.back() << endl;	
	
	
	{
queue<string, list<string>> c;		//以 list 為底層 
    for(long i=0; i< 10; ++i) {
    		snprintf(buf, 10, "%d", rand());
        	c.push(string(buf));    			 		
	}
	cout << "queue.size()= " << c.size() << endl;
	cout << "queue.front()= " << c.front() << endl;	
	cout << "queue.back()= " << c.back() << endl;		
	c.pop();
	cout << "queue.size()= " << c.size() << endl;
	cout << "queue.front()= " << c.front() << endl;	
	cout << "queue.back()= " << c.back() << endl;	
    }	
	
	{
queue<string, vector<string>> c;	//以 vector 為底層 
    for(long i=0; i< 10; ++i) {
    		snprintf(buf, 10, "%d", rand());
        	c.push(string(buf));    			 		
	}
	cout << "queue.size()= " << c.size() << endl;
	cout << "queue.front()= " << c.front() << endl;	
	cout << "queue.back()= " << c.back() << endl;		
	//!c.pop();  //[Error] 'class std::vector<std::basic_string<char> >' has no member named 'pop_front'
	cout << "queue.size()= " << c.size() << endl;
	cout << "queue.front()= " << c.front() << endl;	
	cout << "queue.back()= " << c.back() << endl;	
    }	

	{
queue<string, set<string>> c;		//以 set 為底層 
/*!
    for(long i=0; i< 10; ++i) {
    		snprintf(buf, 10, "%d", rand());
        	c.push(string(buf));    			 		
	}
	cout << "queue.size()= " << c.size() << endl;
	cout << "queue.front()= " << c.front() << endl;	
	cout << "queue.back()= " << c.back() << endl;		
	c.pop();
	cout << "queue.size()= " << c.size() << endl;
	cout << "queue.front()= " << c.front() << endl;	
	cout << "queue.back()= " << c.back() << endl;
//[Error] 'class std::set<std::basic_string<char> >' has no member named 'push_back'
//[Error] 'class std::set<std::basic_string<char> >' has no member named 'front'
//[Error] 'class std::set<std::basic_string<char> >' has no member named 'pop_front'
*/		
    }
    
//! queue<string, map<string>> c5;	//以 map 為底層, [Error] template argument 2 is invalid
//! queue<string>::iterator ite1;  	//[Error] 'iterator' is not a member of 'std::queue<std::basic_string<char> >'	
}															
}