Spring的@Autowired注解


以下內容引用自http://wiki.jikexueyuan.com/project/spring/annotation-based-configuration/spring-autowired-annotation.html

@Autowired注解提供了在哪里以及如何自動裝配應實現更細粒度的控制。@Autowired注解可用於在setter方法上自動連接bean,就像@Required注釋,構造函數,屬性或具有任意名稱和/或多個參數的方法一樣。

Setter方法中的@Autowired

您可以在setter方法上使用@Autowired注釋來擺脫XML配置文件中的<property>元素。當Spring發現使用setter方法的@Autowired注釋時,它會嘗試在方法上執行autowire="byType"的自動連接

例子:

pom.xml:

<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

  <groupId>com.jsoft.testspring</groupId>
  <artifactId>testannotationautowired</artifactId>
  <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
  <packaging>jar</packaging>

  <name>testannotationautowired</name>
  <url>http://maven.apache.org</url>

  <properties>
    <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
  </properties>

  <dependencies>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>junit</groupId>
      <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
      <version>3.8.1</version>
      <scope>test</scope>
    </dependency>
    
    <!-- Spring Core --> <!-- http://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.springframework/spring-core --> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> <artifactId>spring-core</artifactId> <version>4.1.4.RELEASE</version> </dependency> <!-- Spring Context --> <!-- http://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.springframework/spring-context --> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId> <version>4.1.4.RELEASE</version> </dependency>
    
  </dependencies>
</project>

SpellChecker.java:

package com.jsoft.testspring.testannotationautowired;

public class SpellChecker {
    public SpellChecker(){
        System.out.println("SpellChecker無參數構造函數初始化");
    }
    
    public void checkSpelling(){
        System.out.println("SpellChecker檢查方法");
    }
}

TextEditor.java:

package com.jsoft.testspring.testannotationautowired;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;

public class TextEditor {
    private SpellChecker spellChecker;
    private String name;
    
    @Autowired public void setSpellChecker(SpellChecker spellChecker){
        System.out.println("TextEditor通過setter初始化");
        this.spellChecker = spellChecker;
    }
    
    public void spellCheck() {
        this.spellChecker.checkSpelling();
    }
    
    public void setName(String name){
        this.name = name;
    }
    
    public void getName(){
        System.out.println(this.name);
    }
    
}

beans.xml:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
                        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
                        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
                        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">

   <context:annotation-config/>

   <bean id="spellChecker" class="com.jsoft.testspring.testannotationautowired.SpellChecker"></bean>
   
   <bean id="textEditor" class="com.jsoft.testspring.testannotationautowired.TextEditor">
           <property name="name" value="Hello World!"></property>
   </bean>

</beans>

此時可以看見textEditor的bean上少了一個<property>標簽(元素),但是也能運行正常,因為在TextEditor類中標記了@Autowired的注解,自動匹配去匹配相同類型的bean,與在bean中設置autowire="byType"屬性保持一致。

運行結果:

而原始的beans.xml中如下:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
                        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
                        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
                        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">

   <context:annotation-config/>

   <bean id="spellChecker" class="com.jsoft.testspring.testannotationautowired.SpellChecker"></bean>
   
   <bean id="textEditor" class="com.jsoft.testspring.testannotationautowired.TextEditor">
           <property name="spellChecker" ref="spellChecker"></property>
           <property name="name" value="Hello World!"></property>
   </bean>

</beans>

屬性中的@Autowired

您可以在屬性上使用@Autowired注解來擺脫setter方法。當你使用<property>傳遞自動連線屬性的值時,Spring將自動為傳遞的值或引用分配這些屬性。因此,隨着@Autowired對屬性的使用,您的TextEditor.java文件將如下所示:

package com.jsoft.testspring.testannotationautowired;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;

public class TextEditor {
    @Autowired private SpellChecker spellChecker;
    private String name;
        
    public void spellCheck() {
        this.spellChecker.checkSpelling();
    }
    
    public void setName(String name){
        this.name = name;
    }
    
    public void getName(){
        System.out.println(this.name);
    }
    
}

 

可以看出上面代碼上SpellChecker的setter方法已經去掉了,而在SpellChecker的私有屬性上加入了@Autowired的注解。它會自動創建setter方法。

而beans.xml不需要改變。

運行結果如下:

構造函數中的@Autowired

您也可以將@Autowired應用於構造函數。構造函數@Autowired注解表示構造函數在創建bean時應該是自動連線的,即使在XML文件中配置bean時也不使用<constructor-arg>元素。例子如下:

package com.jsoft.testspring.testannotationautowired;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;

public class TextEditor {
    private SpellChecker spellChecker;
    private String name;
    
    @Autowired public TextEditor(SpellChecker spellChecker){
        System.out.println("TextEditor通過初始化方法賦值SpellChecker");
        this.spellChecker = spellChecker;
    }
        
    public void spellCheck() {
        this.spellChecker.checkSpelling();
    }
    
    public void setName(String name){
        this.name = name;
    }
    
    public void getName(){
        System.out.println(this.name);
    }
    
}

而beas.xml不用改變。

測試結果:

@Autowired的(required=false)選項

默認情況下,@Autowired注解意味着依賴是必須的,它類似於@Required注解,然而,你可以使用@Autowired的(required=false)選項關閉默認行為。例子如下:

package com.jsoft.testspring.testannotationautowired;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;

public class TextEditor {
    private SpellChecker spellChecker;
    private String name;
    
    @Autowired
    public TextEditor(SpellChecker spellChecker){
        System.out.println("TextEditor通過初始化方法賦值SpellChecker");
        this.spellChecker = spellChecker;
    }
        
    public void spellCheck() {
        this.spellChecker.checkSpelling();
    }
    
    @Autowired(required=false) public void setName(String name){
        this.name = name;
    }
    
    public void getName(){
        System.out.println(this.name);
    }
    
}

指定了SpellChecker的setter方法不是必須的,那么也修改beans.xml文件,使其不傳入此值。修改后的beans.xml如下:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
                        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
                        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
                        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">

   <context:annotation-config/>

   <bean id="spellChecker" class="com.jsoft.testspring.testannotationautowired.SpellChecker"></bean>
   
   <bean id="textEditor" class="com.jsoft.testspring.testannotationautowired.TextEditor">
           
   </bean>

</beans>

測試結果:

 

測試工程:https://github.com/easonjim/5_java_example/tree/master/springtest/test12/testannotationautowired

 


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