Meta標簽中的http-equiv用來標記不可緩存或過期時間，但效果一般。而且代理緩存基本不訪問HTML文檔內容，所以盡量少用meta標簽控制緩存。
Pragma: no-cache
Forces caches to submit the request to the origin server for validation before releasing a cached copy.
Pragma is not specified for HTTP responses .Use[a1] Pragma only for backwards compatibility with HTTP/1.0 clients.
Cache-Control
used to specify directives for caching mechanisms in both, requests and responses. Caching directives are unidirectional（單向）, meaning that a given directive in a request is not implying that the same directive is to be given in the response.
通用指令
Cache-Control: max-age=<seconds>
Specifies the maximum amount of time a resource will be considered fresh. Contrary to Expires, this directive is relative to the time of the request.
Cache-Control: no-cache（數據會被緩存）
Forces caches to submit the request to the origin server for validation before releasing a cached copy.
Cache-Control: no-store
The cache should not store anything about the client request or server response.
Cache-Control: no-transform
Cache-Control: max-age=<seconds>
request指令
Cache-Control: max-stale[=<seconds>]
Cache-Control: min-fresh=<seconds>
Cache-Control: only-if-cached
response指令
Cache-Control: must-revalidate
The cache must verify the status of the stale resources before using it and expired ones should not be used.
Cache-Control: public
Cache-Control: private
Cache-Control: proxy-revalidate
Cache-Control: s-maxage=<seconds>
Expires: <http-date>
The Expires header contains the date/time after which the response is considered stale.
Invalid dates, like the value 0, represent a date in the past and mean that the resource is already expired.
If there is a Cache-Control header with the "max-age" or "s-max-age" directive in the response, the Expires header is ignored.
[a1]請求緩存和響應緩存有什么不同？？？
帶條件請求和無條件請求
An unconditional request is made when the client browser does not have a cached copy of the resource available locally. In this case, the server is expected to return the resource with a HTTP/200 OK response. If the response’s headers permit it, the client may cache this response in order to reuse it later.
If the browser later needs a resource which is in the cache, but that response is expired (older than its max-age or past the Expires date), then the client will make a conditional request to the server to determine whether the previously cached response is still valid and should be reused. The conditional request contains an If-Modified-Since and/or If-None-Match header that indicates to the server what version of the content the browser already has in its cache. The server can indicate that the client’s copy is still fresh by returning HTTP/304 Not Modified headers with no body, or it can indicate that the client’s copy is stale by returning a HTTP/200 OK response with the new version of the resource.
In the first case (Normal-Refresh，F5), we will perform HTTP requests (conditional, if possible) to revalidate all of the resources on the page, regardless of freshness.In the second case (Super-Refresh，Ctrl+F5，強制刷新), we perform unconditional HTTP requests to redownload all of the content on the page, bypassing the cache altogether.
區分響應是來自原始服務器還是代理服務器？
The Date general-header field represents the date and time at which the message（報文） was originated.
The Age header contains the time in seconds the object has been in a proxy cache. If it is Age: 0, it was probably just fetched from the origin server; otherwise It is usually calculated as a difference between the proxy's current date and the Date general header included in the HTTP response.
200 OK (from cache) vs 304 Not Modified
200 OK (from cache) 是瀏覽器沒有跟服務器確認，直接用了瀏覽器緩存，最快。一般在expires/max-age頭部有效時不會發送請求。因為請求根本沒有產生，所以在chrome下請求頭部會顯示：Provisional headers are shown。
304 Not Modified 是瀏覽器和服務器確認了一次緩存的有效性，再使用緩存，多一次確認（If-Modified-Since/etag）請求。
為什么有"Last-Modified"時也會有200 OK from cache？
不同的瀏覽器會根據不同的用戶行為（刷新/強制刷新）對請求添加不同的頭部，對響應采用不同的緩存策略。
When "Expires" and "Cache-Control" headers are not specified, but a "Last-Modified" header is specified, browsers have to guess at how long they should keep the document in cache. Some browsers do use algorithms that let the page remain in cache for a day or more.