高級Linux運維工程師必備技能（掃盲篇）
作者：尹正傑
版權聲明：原創作品，謝絕轉載！否則將追究法律責任。
在了解文件系統之前，我們要學習一下磁盤存儲數據的方式，大家都知道文件從內存若要持久化存儲的話就得把它存到硬盤上，想畢都知道文件存入磁盤都是二進制存取的。那么硬盤是如何存儲的呢？我們現在標配基本上都是1T呢，現在都是2017了，500G的硬盤都已經遭嫌棄了。
1.生活小知識。
上面是一幅圖可以看到，有磁頭，而且這個磁頭是懸浮在盤面上的，如果這個盤面有震動，很可能直接滑到盤面，導致上面寫的數據被划掉，造成數據丟失，因此，我們在購買硬盤的時候都寫着不能強劇烈震動。
硬盤在工作的時候，這個盤面一直在轉，如果訪問里面的數據，需要一定時間，我們稱之為“平均尋道時間”。
把不同盤面上的相同磁道(可以理解就是盤面上的一個圈，整個盤面有好多個這個樣的打圈小圈形成的)划分成同一個分區內部。那么這些維護不同盤面的相同編號的磁道我們成為柱面(cylinder).
磁盤划分實際上是按照柱面划分的，那么很顯然在最外層的柱面划分出來的分區的性能是最好的，你可能會問為什么？原因很簡單，就是在相同的角速度中，最外層的周長是最大(也就意味着它存儲的數據將越多)。因此我們在划分分區的時候依次划分C,D,E硬盤，最先划分的是C盤(分區軟件默認把C盤划分到最外層)，因此大家都用C盤做系統盤是有原因的喲！
2.MBR分區
在整塊硬盤的最外側磁道上，在第零("0")個扇區上,這個扇區是不能用來划分區的，因為這個扇區上存放着整塊磁盤的分區信息。這個分區通常被稱作為MBR(Master Boot Record,主引導記錄 )分區(現在都流行GPT分區了)，這個扇區僅僅占用了512個字節(bytes),你可別小看這512bytes，
a>.它保函了引導加載器(bootloader,其占用了446bytes)；
b>.fat,即分區表，其占用了64bytes,每16bytes一個分區，總共只能分區4個[據說比爾蓋茨層發表過言論：“硬盤這么小，有誰能用到多余4個分區呢？)【當時的硬盤都很小而且特別貴，只有幾百兆(M)大小】”；
c>.5A,其為十六進制的“5A”，占用最后2個字節，用來標記這個MBR分區是否是有效數據的(2個字節被填充了2個5A，MBR有效性標記)。
硬盤內部都是真空的，為什么呢？因為它要旋轉，有的硬盤的轉速高達1.5w/m,如果不坐車真空的這么高的轉速很容易和真空中的微粒發生碰撞，導致溫度過高！所以不要輕易拆開硬盤，基本上你拆開就不是真空了，即使拆開后能用，也用不了多長時間就會壞掉的。
3.擴展分區與邏輯分區
隨着硬盤的存儲數據進一步的增長，我們分區4個是遠遠夠用的，因此需要從4個主分區中拿出一個分區單獨，用來存放其他的分區信息我們叫它為“擴展分區”，如果這個擴展分區足夠大，就可以對其進行划分多個分區讓不同用戶使用。因此這個擴展分區(引用額外的分區表)是不能被格式化的，這樣它就不能被使用，需要額外划分出一個或多個邏輯分區才能被使用。
4.MBR分區方法
a>.4個主分區
b>.3個主分區和一個擴展分區。
注意：MBR最大支持2T的硬盤。大於2TB就得使用GPT分區格式！
5.硬盤接口
DMA:Direct Memory Access （直接內存訪問機制）
磁盤設備存放於/dev/文件夾下，
IDE接口的磁盤：/dev/hda、/dev/hdb、/dev/hdc、/dev/hdd
SCSI接口的磁盤：/dev/sda、/dev/sdb、/dev/sdc、/dev/sdd
/dev/XdYZ
/dev/ 表示的是一個設備目錄
X h IDE硬盤
s SATA、SISC、U盤
Y a 第一塊硬盤
b 第二塊硬盤
c 第三塊硬盤
。。。。。。。。。。
Z 1-3表示主分區，4一般為擴展分區
5是邏輯分區第一個分區
6是邏輯分區第二個分區
。。。。。。。。。。
a>.IDE（ATA）：並口，每個控制器可接兩個硬盤，master/slave,133MB/S（這個速率就是被淘汰的根部原因）
/dev/hd[a-z]（注意：在Centos6.x版本以后，所有的硬盤即便是IDE接口的都被識別為sd,早起的設備被設置為hd）
/dev//hda[1-4](標識4個主分區)
/dev/hda[5+]（邏輯分區5開始）
b>.SCSI:Small Computer System Interface (小型計算機接口，在讀取數據上效率很高，因為它有單獨的SCSI控制器，容錯能力強且抗衰老【但是價格貴啊,相同存儲空間是機械硬盤的8倍價格呢！】) 速率：320mb/s 也是並口的 （有的人為了省錢用IDE做raid陣列）
c>.SATA(Serial):300Mbps,600Mbps,6Gbps
d>.SAS:6Gbps
e>.USB：2.0接口： 3.0接口：
6.查看系統是如何識別磁盤分區的
1 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /proc/partitions #查看系統識別的分區 2 major minor #blocks name 3 4 8 0 292968750 sda 5 8 16 292968750 sdb 6 9 127 278290432 md127 7 259 0 512000 md127p1 8 259 1 277777408 md127p2 9 253 0 52428800 dm-0 10 253 1 33038336 dm-1 11 253 2 192307200 dm-2 12 [root@yinzhengjie ~]#
注意：如果你對你的硬盤剩余的空間進行分區后，新加的分區信息內核是不能識別的，需要內核去重讀硬件的分區表，重啟是不頂事的！我在生產環境中就遇到過這么一個坑。
7.根在內核
根做為訪問文件的入口，那么這個根到底在硬盤上呢？還是在操作系統上呢？根實際上是在內核中，我們訪問數據都是操作系統將這個硬盤掛在到了根下，然后我們去訪問它而已。那你又會問了，那內核在哪啊？答案是在磁盤上。
實際上，在裝載內核之前，先啟動的是bootloader(內核未啟動就還沒有文件系統存在),bootloader區磁盤上找到內核並啟動，內核啟動后會自動生成一個“/”(根)，並將磁盤的文件都掛在到“/”下，這就形成了文件系統。
8.linux目錄
1 /bin,/sbin #存放系統自身完成自己的啟動和基本運行機制索要提供的程序；。 2 /usr/bin,/usr/sbin #存放完成操作系統基本功能的所提供的二進制程序； 3 /usr/local/bin,/usr/local/sbin #存放第三方程序； 4 /lib,/lib64,/usr/lib,/usr/lib64 #存放庫文件的； 5 /etc/ #存放配置文件的； 6 /media,/mnt #用於掛在的目錄，當然你也可以自定義的； 7 /dev #存放各種設備文件； 8 /proc,/sys #存放運行中的內存映射數據； 9 /home,/root #存放各普通用戶的家目錄，比如 /home/yinzhengjie； 10 /var #存放日志的目錄； 11 /opt,/misc #觸發掛在目錄； 12 /srv #存放服務相關數據的； 13 /tmp #存放各種臨時文件，每次關機時自動清理； 14 /boot #存放內核、引導菜單等啟動文件；
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 /：根目錄，一般根目錄下只存放目錄，不要存放文件，/etc、/bin、/dev、/lib、/sbin應該和根目錄放置在一個分區中 9 10 /bin:/usr/bin:可執行二進制文件的目錄，如常用的命令ls、tar、mv、cat等。 11 12 /boot：放置linux系統啟動時用到的一些文件。/boot/vmlinuz為linux的內核文件，以及/boot/gurb。建議單獨分區，分區大小200M即可 13 14 /dev：存放linux系統下的設備文件，訪問該目錄下某個文件，相當於訪問某個設備，常用的是掛載光驅mount /dev/cdrom /mnt。 15 16 /etc：系統配置文件存放的目錄，不建議在此目錄下存放可執行文件，重要的配置文件有/etc/inittab、/etc/fstab、/etc/init.d、/etc/X11、/etc/sysconfig、/etc/xinetd.d修改配置文件之前記得備份。 17 18 注：/etc/X11存放與x windows有關的設置。 19 20 /home：系統默認的用戶家目錄，新增用戶賬號時，用戶的家目錄都存放在此目錄下，~表示當前用戶的家目錄，~test表示用戶test的家目錄。建議單獨分區，並設置較大的磁盤空間，方便用戶存放數據 21 22 /lib:/usr/lib:/usr/local/lib：系統使用的函數庫的目錄，程序在執行過程中，需要調用一些額外的參數時需要函數庫的協助，比較重要的目錄為/lib/modules。 23 24 /lost+fount：系統異常產生錯誤時，會將一些遺失的片段放置於此目錄下，通常這個目錄會自動出現在裝置目錄下。如加載硬盤於/disk 中，此目錄下就會自動產生目錄/disk/lost+found 25 26 /mnt:/media：光盤默認掛載點，通常光盤掛載於/mnt/cdrom下，也不一定，可以選擇任意位置進行掛載。 27 28 /opt：給主機額外安裝軟件所擺放的目錄。如：FC4使用的Fedora 社群開發軟件，如果想要自行安裝新的KDE 桌面軟件，可以將該軟件安裝在該目錄下。以前的 Linux 系統中，習慣放置在 /usr/local 目錄下 29 30 /proc：此目錄的數據都在內存中，如系統核心，外部設備，網絡狀態，由於數據都存放於內存中，所以不占用磁盤空間，比較重要的目錄有/proc/cpuinfo、/proc/interrupts、/proc/dma、/proc/ioports、/proc/net/*等 31 32 /root：系統管理員root的家目錄，系統第一個啟動的分區為/，所以最好將/root和/放置在一個分區下。 33 34 /sbin:/usr/sbin:/usr/local/sbin：放置系統管理員使用的可執行命令，如fdisk、shutdown、mount等。與/bin不同的是，這幾個目錄是給系統管理員root使用的命令，一般用戶只能"查看"而不能設置和使用。 35 36 /tmp：一般用戶或正在執行的程序臨時存放文件的目錄,任何人都可以訪問,重要數據不可放置在此目錄下 37 38 /srv：服務啟動之后需要訪問的數據目錄，如www服務需要訪問的網頁數據存放在/srv/www內 39 40 /usr：應用程序存放目錄，/usr/bin存放應用程序，/usr/share存放共享數據，/usr/lib存放不能直接運行的，卻是許多程序運行所必需的一些函數庫文件。/usr/local:存放軟件升級包。/usr/share/doc:系統說明文件存放目錄。/usr/share/man: 程序說明文件存放目錄，使用 man ls時會查詢/usr/share/man/man1/ls.1.gz的內容建議單獨分區，設置較大的磁盤空間 41 42 /var：放置系統執行過程中經常變化的文件，如隨時更改的日志文件/var/log，/var/log/message：所有的登錄文件存放目錄，/var/spool/mail：郵件存放的目錄，/var/run:程序或服務啟動后，其PID存放在該目錄下。建議單獨分區，設置較大的磁盤空間 43 '''
9.用來對設備進行分區的命令
用於分區的管理工具：fdisk,sfdisk,parted
a>.查看分區信息
1 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# fdisk -l /dev/[sh]d[a-z] #使用文件名通配過濾掉沒有用的信息（不是正則表達式喲），可以看出下面只有2個硬盤 2 3 Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes 4 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders 5 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes 6 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 7 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 8 Disk identifier: 0x00059922 9 10 Device Boot（是否可引導） Start End Blocks Id（對應文件系統的ID） System 11 /dev/sda1 *（*表示可以引導） 1 39 307200 83 Linux 12 Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. 13 /dev/sda2 39 2358 18631680 83 Linux 14 /dev/sda3 2358 2611 2031616 82 Linux swap / Solaris 15 16 Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 17 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders 18 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes 19 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 20 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 21 Disk identifier: 0x00000000 22 23 [root@yinzhengjie ~]#
b>虛擬文件系統
VFS：（Virtual File System）#虛擬文件系統
基本文件系統：Ext3，Ext3，Ext4，Reiserfs（早起的suse用的就是該文件系統喲），xfs（支持單個巨大的文件），JFS（日志文件系統，IBM開發的）,vfat，NTFS
交換分區：swap
集群文件系統：GFS2（紅帽系統研發，谷歌都再用呢）,OCFS2（甲骨文公司研發，用的人不多）
網絡文件系統：NFS,smbfs（window是CIFS）
光盤：iso9660
c>.對磁盤進行分區
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 fdisk: 9 d 刪除分區 10 n：新建一個分區 11 p：列出已有分區 12 t：調至分區ID 13 l：列出內核支持的分區id 14 w：保存退出 15 q：不保存退出 16 m：幫助 17 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb #對第二塊硬盤進行分區 9 Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel 10 Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x8614a108. 11 Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. 12 After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable. 13 14 Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite) 15 16 WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to 17 switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to 18 sectors (command 'u'). 19 20 Command (m for help): m #查看幫助 21 Command action 22 a toggle a bootable flag 23 b edit bsd disklabel 24 c toggle the dos compatibility flag 25 d delete a partition 26 l list known partition types 27 m print this menu 28 n add a new partition 29 o create a new empty DOS partition table 30 p print the partition table 31 q quit without saving changes 32 s create a new empty Sun disklabel 33 t change a partition's system id 34 u change display/entry units 35 v verify the partition table 36 w write table to disk and exit 37 x extra functionality (experts only) 38 39 Command (m for help): p #列出已有分區 40 41 Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 42 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders 43 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes 44 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 45 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 46 Disk identifier: 0x8614a108 47 48 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System 49 50 Command (m for help): n #新建一個分區 51 Command action 52 e extended #擴展分區 53 p primary partition (1-4) #主分區 54 p #選擇主分區 55 Partition number (1-4): 1 #選擇編號 56 First cylinder (1-1305, default 1): #選擇分區的起始點，默認為1 57 Using default value 1 58 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-1305, default 1305): +1G #創建一個1G的主分區 59 60 Command (m for help): n #再新建一個分區 61 Command action 62 e extended 63 p primary partition (1-4) 64 p #選擇類型為主分區 65 Partition number (1-4): 2 #設置編號為2 66 First cylinder (133-1305, default 133): 67 Using default value 133 68 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (133-1305, default 1305): +1G #創建一個1G的分區 69 70 Command (m for help): n #再新建一個分區 71 Command action 72 e extended 73 p primary partition (1-4) 74 p #選擇類型為主分區 75 Partition number (1-4): 3 #這只編號為3 76 First cylinder (265-1305, default 265): 77 Using default value 265 78 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (265-1305, default 1305): +2G #創建一個2G的分區 79 80 Command (m for help): n #再新建一個分區 81 Command action 82 e extended 83 p primary partition (1-4) 84 e #由於已經設置了3個主分區了，所以我將第四個分區設置為擴展分區，便於我創建更多的邏輯分區 85 Selected partition 4 86 First cylinder (527-1305, default 527): 87 Using default value 527 88 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (527-1305, default 1305): 89 Using default value 1305 90 91 Command (m for help): p #列出已有分區 92 93 Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 94 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders 95 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes 96 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 97 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 98 Disk identifier: 0x8614a108 99 100 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System 101 /dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 83 Linux #這就是主分區，ID為83 102 /dev/sdb2 133 264 1060290 83 Linux 103 /dev/sdb3 265 526 2104515 83 Linux 104 /dev/sdb4 527 1305 6257317+ 5 Extended #折就是擴展分區，ID為5 105 106 Command (m for help): n #新建一個分區 107 First cylinder (527-1305, default 527): 108 Using default value 527 109 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (527-1305, default 1305): +5G #創建一個5G的邏輯分區。 110 111 Command (m for help): P #列出已有分區 112 113 Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 114 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders 115 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes 116 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 117 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 118 Disk identifier: 0x8614a108 119 120 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System 121 /dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 83 Linux #主分區 122 /dev/sdb2 133 264 1060290 83 Linux 123 /dev/sdb3 265 526 2104515 83 Linux 124 /dev/sdb4 527 1305 6257317+ 5 Extended #擴展分區 125 /dev/sdb5 527 1180 5253223+ 83 Linux #這就是新建的邏輯分區 126 127 Command (m for help): W #保存退出 128 129 驗證是否分區成功： 130 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb 131 132 WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to 133 switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to 134 sectors (command 'u'). 135 136 Command (m for help): p 137 138 Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 139 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders 140 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes 141 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 142 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 143 Disk identifier: 0x8614a108 144 145 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System 146 /dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 83 Linux 147 /dev/sdb2 133 264 1060290 83 Linux 148 /dev/sdb3 265 526 2104515 83 Linux 149 /dev/sdb4 527 1305 6257317+ 5 Extended 150 /dev/sdb5 527 1180 5253223+ 83 Linux 151 152 Command (m for help): q 153 154 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 155 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 #讓操作系統重讀分區表，獲取最新的分區信息。 8 ''' 9 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /proc/partitions #查看系統識別的分區，發現沒有我們的分區 10 major minor #blocks name 11 12 8 0 292968750 sda 13 8 16 292968750 sdb 14 9 127 278290432 md127 15 259 0 512000 md127p1 16 259 1 277777408 md127p2 17 253 0 52428800 dm-0 18 253 1 33038336 dm-1 19 253 2 192307200 dm-2 20 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 21 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# kpartx -l /dev/sdb #列出已添加的所有分區信息 22 sdb1 : 0 2120517 /dev/sdb 63 23 sdb2 : 0 2120580 /dev/sdb 2120580 24 sdb3 : 0 4209030 /dev/sdb 4241160 25 sdb4 : 0 2 /dev/sdb 8450190 26 sdb5 : 0 10506447 /dev/sdb 8450253 27 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# kpartx -af /dev/sdb #強行添加分區信息 28 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# kpartx -a /dev/sdb #重讀分區表信息 29 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 30 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# ls /dev/sdb* #發現系統以及識別了這幾個分區 31 /dev/sdb /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb2 /dev/sdb3 /dev/sdb4 /dev/sdb5 32 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 33 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /proc/partitions #查看分區表 34 major minor #blocks name 35 36 8 0 20971520 sda 37 8 1 307200 sda1 38 8 2 18631680 sda2 39 8 3 2031616 sda3 40 8 16 10485760 sdb 41 8 17 1060258 sdb1 42 8 18 1060290 sdb2 43 8 19 2104515 sdb3 44 8 20 1 sdb4 45 8 21 5253223 sdb5 46 253 0 1060258 dm-0 47 253 1 1060290 dm-1 48 253 2 2104515 dm-2 49 253 3 1 dm-3 50 253 4 5253223 dm-4 51 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 52 53 ''' 54 55 56 #提示，如果你的操作系統是Centos5的話執行以下命令就好使了 57 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# partprobe #但是這個條命令不適合CentOs6!
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb 9 10 WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to 11 switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to 12 sectors (command 'u'). 13 14 Command (m for help): p #查看當前分區 15 16 Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 17 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders 18 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes 19 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 20 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 21 Disk identifier: 0x8614a108 22 23 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System 24 /dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 83 Linux 25 /dev/sdb2 133 264 1060290 83 Linux 26 /dev/sdb3 265 526 2104515 83 Linux 27 /dev/sdb4 527 1305 6257317+ 5 Extended 28 /dev/sdb5 527 1180 5253223+ 83 Linux 29 30 Command (m for help): d #刪除分區 31 Partition number (1-5): 5 #選擇相應的編號，在她給定的數值內選取喲 32 33 Command (m for help): p #發現已經刪除成功了 34 35 Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 36 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders 37 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes 38 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 39 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 40 Disk identifier: 0x8614a108 41 42 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System 43 /dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 83 Linux 44 /dev/sdb2 133 264 1060290 83 Linux 45 /dev/sdb3 265 526 2104515 83 Linux 46 /dev/sdb4 527 1305 6257317+ 5 Extended 47 48 Command (m for help): w #保存配置並退出 49 The partition table has been altered! 50 51 Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. 52 Syncing disks. 53 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 54 55 56 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb 9 10 WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to 11 switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to 12 sectors (command 'u'). 13 14 Command (m for help): p #查看當前分區信息 15 16 Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 17 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders 18 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes 19 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 20 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 21 Disk identifier: 0x8614a108 22 23 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System 24 /dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 83 Linux 25 /dev/sdb2 133 264 1060290 83 Linux 26 /dev/sdb3 265 526 2104515 83 Linux #主分區 27 /dev/sdb4 527 1305 6257317+ 5 Extended 28 29 Command (m for help): t #調整分區ID 30 Partition number (1-5): 3 #選擇分區標號 31 Hex code (type L to list codes): L #查看ID對應的文件系統類型。 32 33 0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris 34 1 FAT12 39 Plan 9 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 35 2 XENIX root 3c PartitionMagic 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 36 3 XENIX usr 40 Venix 80286 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 37 4 FAT16 <32M 41 PPC PReP Boot 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx 38 5 Extended 42 SFS 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data 39 6 FAT16 4d QNX4.x 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / . 40 7 HPFS/NTFS 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility 41 8 AIX 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt 42 9 AIX bootable 50 OnTrack DM 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access 43 a OS/2 Boot Manag 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O 44 b W95 FAT32 52 CP/M 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor 45 c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs 46 e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a5 FreeBSD ee GPT 47 f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 55 EZ-Drive a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/ 48 10 OPUS 56 Golden Bow a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b 49 11 Hidden FAT12 5c Priam Edisk a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor 50 12 Compaq diagnost 61 SpeedStor a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor 51 14 Hidden FAT16 <3 63 GNU HURD or Sys ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary 52 16 Hidden FAT16 64 Novell Netware af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS 53 17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 65 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE 54 18 AST SmartSleep 70 DiskSecure Mult b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto 55 1b Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep 56 1c Hidden W95 FAT3 80 Old Minix be Solaris boot ff BBT 57 1e Hidden W95 FAT1 58 Hex code (type L to list codes): 82 #選擇 Linux swap / So分區類型 59 Changed system type of partition 3 to 82 (Linux swap / Solaris) 60 61 Command (m for help): P #查看當前類型 62 63 Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 64 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders 65 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes 66 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 67 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 68 Disk identifier: 0x8614a108 69 70 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System 71 /dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 83 Linux 72 /dev/sdb2 133 264 1060290 83 Linux 73 /dev/sdb3 265 526 2104515 82 Linux swap / Solaris #果真已經變成了交換分區 74 /dev/sdb4 527 1305 6257317+ 5 Extended 75 76 Command (m for help): t #修改分區類型 77 Partition number (1-5): 3 #還是選擇之前修改的分區 78 Hex code (type L to list codes): 83 #修改會之前的分區類型 79 Changed system type of partition 3 to 83 (Linux) 80 81 Command (m for help): p #查看分區情況 82 83 Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 84 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders 85 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes 86 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 87 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 88 Disk identifier: 0x8614a108 89 90 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System 91 /dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 83 Linux 92 /dev/sdb2 133 264 1060290 83 Linux 93 /dev/sdb3 265 526 2104515 83 Linux 94 /dev/sdb4 527 1305 6257317+ 5 Extended 95 96 Command (m for help): w #保存當前配置 97 The partition table has been altered! 98 99 Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. 100 Syncing disks. 101 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 102 '''
10.創建文件系統
你可以使用2個扇區（512字節）為一個塊（block），那么這個一個快的大小就是1kb,4個扇區就是2kb,8個扇區就是4kb.那么問題來了，這個每個單位的塊導師是1kb好呢？還是2kb或是4kb好呢？這就要看你存儲的數據的大小了，如果你存儲的數據是大文件的話，當然block越大越好，這樣block存儲相同的數據block越大，用的塊數就越少，如果你存儲的是小文件的話，當然block越小越好，因為block過大，存進去的數據卻很小就造成了浪費！（因為一個block只能存儲一個數據源）。
注意，在存儲數據的時候，一個block只能屬於一個文件，不能同時屬於2個文件。硬連接除外,其實硬鏈接指的還是一同一個文件。也就是說，不同的文件不能使用相同的磁盤塊。這些磁盤塊都有其編號的，是為了方便數據源（主要是inode）只想存儲數據的塊(block)
磁盤碎片，就是不是連續的塊（block）存儲着屬於同一個文件的數據，這樣就導致了在存取的時候特別麻煩，大大的降低了磁盤的工作效率。如下圖：
日志文件系統是可以將源數據（indoe）和塊數據都寫入日志區，等都寫入成功了在把數據分別寫入到源數據區和塊數據區，假如你才寫文檔的時候，如果突然斷電，恰巧你剛剛好寫完數據，那么他回將數據分別寫入indoe和block區域中，如果你沒有寫完，他就會對比在日志區的inode和block對應的是否完整，如果不完整，日志區會自動將Inode刪除，清除掉不完整的block,就完成了一次自檢模式。
#！/usr/bin/env python #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ #@author :yinzhengjie #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com ''' mke2fs: 配置文件：/etc/mke2fs.conf -t：指定文件類型{ext2|ext3|ext4} -j：用於創建Ext3文件系統，相當於-t ext3 -L label: 指定卷標， -b{1024|2028|4096}：指定塊大小 -i # ：#個字節給指定一個indone -N # : 直接指定預留多少個indone -I # : 指定Inode大小 -m # ：預留給管理員的空間百分比，默認為5 -O ：指定分區特性 e2label /dev/SOMEDEVICE 查看卷標， e2label /dev/SOMEDEVICE Label 直接更改卷標 e2label /dev/SOMEDEVICE “” 刪除卷標 blkid 查看UUID和TYPE dumpe2fs 查看超級塊和是否有碎片 -h：僅顯示超級塊中保存的信息 tune2fs：調整mke2fs的信息 -l：查看超級塊中的信息 -L: 設定卷標 -m：預留管理員的空間百分比 -j：如果原來的文件系統為ext2，-j能夠將其提升為ext3 -o：[^]mount-options[,...] 指定默認掛載選項 -O：[^]feature[,...] 調整分區特性 tune2fs -o 掛載選項 設備 tune2fs -o ^設備選項 取消 fsck：文件系統檢測 -t 文件類型 設備 -f 強行檢測 -a 自動修復錯誤 -r 交互式修復錯誤 e2fsck -t 指定時間 -y 自動回答為yes -f 強行檢測 '
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mke2fs /dev/sdb3 #格式化該分區，默認為ext2文件系統 9 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) 10 Filesystem label= #卷標 11 OS type: Linux 12 Block size=4096 (log=2) #塊大小是4K 13 Fragment size=4096 (log=2) 14 Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 15 131648 inodes, 526128 blocks #節點書和塊數。 16 26306 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user #有5.00%的block給管理用，這個比例是可以調整的 17 First data block=0 18 Maximum filesystem blocks=541065216 #最大塊數 19 17 block groups #有17個塊組 20 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group # 21 7744 inodes per group 22 Superblock backups stored on blocks: 23 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912 24 25 Writing inode tables: done 26 Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done 27 28 This filesystem will be automatically checked every 39 mounts or 29 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override #表示每39次掛載或者180天（半年）文件系統會自動檢測一次。. 30 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 31 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 32 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mke2fs -j /dev/sdb3 #格式化該分區，指定格式為ext3文件系統 33 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) 34 Filesystem label= 35 OS type: Linux 36 Block size=4096 (log=2) 37 Fragment size=4096 (log=2) 38 Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 39 131648 inodes, 526128 blocks 40 26306 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user 41 First data block=0 42 Maximum filesystem blocks=541065216 43 17 block groups 44 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 45 7744 inodes per group 46 Superblock backups stored on blocks: 47 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912 48 49 Writing inode tables: done 50 Creating journal (16384 blocks): done #與ext2相比多出來的項目，存放日志的區域。 51 Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done 52 53 This filesystem will be automatically checked every 38 mounts or 54 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override. #這里的是38次掛載或者6個月進行一次掛載，和ext2的區別。 55 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 56 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mke2fs -L Data -t ext4 /dev/sdb3 #指定卷標和文件系統格式 9 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) 10 Filesystem label=Data #這就是卷標 11 OS type: Linux 12 Block size=4096 (log=2) 13 Fragment size=4096 (log=2) 14 Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 15 131648 inodes, 526128 blocks 16 26306 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user 17 First data block=0 18 Maximum filesystem blocks=541065216 19 17 block groups 20 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 21 7744 inodes per group 22 Superblock backups stored on blocks: 23 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912 24 25 Writing inode tables: done 26 Creating journal (16384 blocks): done 27 Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done 28 29 This filesystem will be automatically checked every 38 mounts or 30 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override. 31 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 32 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# e2label /dev/sdb3 #查看卷標名 9 Data 10 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# e2label /dev/sdb3 MYDATA #修改卷標名 11 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# e2label /dev/sdb3 12 MYDATA 13 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 14 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mke2fs -b 2048 -m 3 -t ext4 /dev/sdb3 9 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) 10 Filesystem label= 11 OS type: Linux 12 Block size=2048 (log=1) #被修改的塊大小為2048 13 Fragment size=2048 (log=1) 14 Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 15 131560 inodes, 1052256 blocks 16 31567 blocks (3.00%) reserved for the super user #給管理員預留的block，這個就是通過上面的“-m”參數實現的。 17 First data block=0 18 Maximum filesystem blocks=538968064 19 65 block groups 20 16384 blocks per group, 16384 fragments per group 21 2024 inodes per group 22 Superblock backups stored on blocks: 23 16384, 49152, 81920, 114688, 147456, 409600, 442368, 802816 24 25 Writing inode tables: done 26 Creating journal (32768 blocks): done 27 Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done 28 29 This filesystem will be automatically checked every 29 mounts or 30 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override. 31 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 32 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# blkid /dev/sdb3 #查看分區的UUID和TYPE，我們可以用uuid來進行掛載 9 /dev/sdb3: UUID="87f7686e-09bd-4a1e-a567-4939c6a4dcab" TYPE="ext4" 10 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 11 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# dumpe2fs /dev/sdb3 9 dumpe2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) 10 Filesystem volume name: <none> 11 Last mounted on: <not available> 12 Filesystem UUID: 87f7686e-09bd-4a1e-a567-4939c6a4dcab 13 Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53 14 Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic) 15 Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent flex_bg sparse_super huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize 16 Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash 17 Default mount options: (none) 18 Filesystem state: clean 19 Errors behavior: Continue 20 Filesystem OS type: Linux 21 Inode count: 131560 22 Block count: 1052256 23 Reserved block count: 31567 24 Free blocks: 998268 25 Free inodes: 131549 26 First block: 0 27 Block size: 2048 28 Fragment size: 2048 29 Reserved GDT blocks: 512 30 Blocks per group: 16384 31 Fragments per group: 16384 32 Inodes per group: 2024 33 Inode blocks per group: 253 34 Flex block group size: 16 35 Filesystem created: Thu May 11 12:42:49 2017 36 Last mount time: n/a 37 Last write time: Thu May 11 12:42:49 2017 38 Mount count: 0 39 Maximum mount count: 29 40 Last checked: Thu May 11 12:42:49 2017 41 Check interval: 15552000 (6 months) 42 Next check after: Tue Nov 7 11:42:49 2017 43 Lifetime writes: 97 MB 44 Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root) 45 Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root) 46 First inode: 11 47 Inode size: 256 48 Required extra isize: 28 49 Desired extra isize: 28 50 Journal inode: 8 51 Default directory hash: half_md4 52 Directory Hash Seed: ff3c9e24-63aa-462a-9d6d-863f99c556d0 53 Journal backup: inode blocks 54 Journal features: (none) 55 Journal size: 64M 56 Journal length: 32768 57 Journal sequence: 0x00000001 58 Journal start: 0 59 60 61 Group 0: (Blocks 0-16383) [ITABLE_ZEROED] #顯示組名，存儲數據的block編號，如果你的Bolck和上個組沒有連接上就說明存在磁盤碎片 62 Checksum 0x8fce, unused inodes 2013 #沒有用的inode有多少個 63 Primary superblock at 0, Group descriptors at 1-2 64 Reserved GDT blocks at 3-514 65 Block bitmap at 515 (+515), Inode bitmap at 531 (+531) 66 Inode table at 547-799 (+547) 67 11779 free blocks, 2013 free inodes, 2 directories, 2013 unused inodes 68 Free blocks: 4605-16383 69 Free inodes: 12-2024 70 Group 1: (Blocks 16384-32767) [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 71 Checksum 0xd2d4, unused inodes 2024 72 Backup superblock at 16384, Group descriptors at 16385-16386 73 Reserved GDT blocks at 16387-16898 74 Block bitmap at 516 (+4294951428), Inode bitmap at 532 (+4294951444) 75 Inode table at 800-1052 (+4294951712) 76 15869 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 77 Free blocks: 16899-32767 78 Free inodes: 2025-4048 79 Group 2: (Blocks 32768-49151) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 80 Checksum 0x209d, unused inodes 2024 81 Block bitmap at 517 (+4294935045), Inode bitmap at 533 (+4294935061) 82 Inode table at 1053-1305 (+4294935581) 83 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 84 Free blocks: 32768-49151 85 Free inodes: 4049-6072 86 Group 3: (Blocks 49152-65535) [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 87 Checksum 0x595b, unused inodes 2024 88 Backup superblock at 49152, Group descriptors at 49153-49154 89 Reserved GDT blocks at 49155-49666 90 Block bitmap at 518 (+4294918662), Inode bitmap at 534 (+4294918678) 91 Inode table at 1306-1558 (+4294919450) 92 15869 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 93 Free blocks: 49667-65535 94 Free inodes: 6073-8096 95 Group 4: (Blocks 65536-81919) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 96 Checksum 0x4c65, unused inodes 2024 97 Block bitmap at 519 (+4294902279), Inode bitmap at 535 (+4294902295) 98 Inode table at 1559-1811 (+4294903319) 99 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 100 Free blocks: 65536-81919 101 Free inodes: 8097-10120 102 Group 5: (Blocks 81920-98303) [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 103 Checksum 0x86c0, unused inodes 2024 104 Backup superblock at 81920, Group descriptors at 81921-81922 105 Reserved GDT blocks at 81923-82434 106 Block bitmap at 520 (+4294885896), Inode bitmap at 536 (+4294885912) 107 Inode table at 1812-2064 (+4294887188) 108 15869 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 109 Free blocks: 82435-98303 110 Free inodes: 10121-12144 111 Group 6: (Blocks 98304-114687) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 112 Checksum 0x8dba, unused inodes 2024 113 Block bitmap at 521 (+4294869513), Inode bitmap at 537 (+4294869529) 114 Inode table at 2065-2317 (+4294871057) 115 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 116 Free blocks: 98304-114687 117 Free inodes: 12145-14168 118 Group 7: (Blocks 114688-131071) [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 119 Checksum 0x5fe4, unused inodes 2024 120 Backup superblock at 114688, Group descriptors at 114689-114690 121 Reserved GDT blocks at 114691-115202 122 Block bitmap at 522 (+4294853130), Inode bitmap at 538 (+4294853146) 123 Inode table at 2318-2570 (+4294854926) 124 15869 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 125 Free blocks: 115203-131071 126 Free inodes: 14169-16192 127 Group 8: (Blocks 131072-147455) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 128 Checksum 0x0451, unused inodes 2024 129 Block bitmap at 523 (+4294836747), Inode bitmap at 539 (+4294836763) 130 Inode table at 2571-2823 (+4294838795) 131 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 132 Free blocks: 131072-147455 133 Free inodes: 16193-18216 134 Group 9: (Blocks 147456-163839) [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 135 Checksum 0xb130, unused inodes 2024 136 Backup superblock at 147456, Group descriptors at 147457-147458 137 Reserved GDT blocks at 147459-147970 138 Block bitmap at 524 (+4294820364), Inode bitmap at 540 (+4294820380) 139 Inode table at 2824-3076 (+4294822664) 140 15869 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 141 Free blocks: 147971-163839 142 Free inodes: 18217-20240 143 Group 10: (Blocks 163840-180223) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 144 Checksum 0x544a, unused inodes 2024 145 Block bitmap at 525 (+4294803981), Inode bitmap at 541 (+4294803997) 146 Inode table at 3077-3329 (+4294806533) 147 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 148 Free blocks: 163840-180223 149 Free inodes: 20241-22264 150 Group 11: (Blocks 180224-196607) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 151 Checksum 0x3e65, unused inodes 2024 152 Block bitmap at 526 (+4294787598), Inode bitmap at 542 (+4294787614) 153 Inode table at 3330-3582 (+4294790402) 154 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 155 Free blocks: 180224-196607 156 Free inodes: 22265-24288 157 Group 12: (Blocks 196608-212991) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 158 Checksum 0x407e, unused inodes 2024 159 Block bitmap at 527 (+4294771215), Inode bitmap at 543 (+4294771231) 160 Inode table at 3583-3835 (+4294774271) 161 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 162 Free blocks: 196608-212991 163 Free inodes: 24289-26312 164 Group 13: (Blocks 212992-229375) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 165 Checksum 0x3bb2, unused inodes 2024 166 Block bitmap at 528 (+4294754832), Inode bitmap at 544 (+4294754848) 167 Inode table at 3836-4088 (+4294758140) 168 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 169 Free blocks: 212992-229375 170 Free inodes: 26313-28336 171 Group 14: (Blocks 229376-245759) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 172 Checksum 0x0dce, unused inodes 2024 173 Block bitmap at 529 (+4294738449), Inode bitmap at 545 (+4294738465) 174 Inode table at 4089-4341 (+4294742009) 175 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 176 Free blocks: 229376-245759 177 Free inodes: 28337-30360 178 Group 15: (Blocks 245760-262143) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 179 Checksum 0x7e95, unused inodes 2024 180 Block bitmap at 530 (+4294722066), Inode bitmap at 546 (+4294722082) 181 Inode table at 4342-4594 (+4294725878) 182 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 183 Free blocks: 245760-262143 184 Free inodes: 30361-32384 185 Group 16: (Blocks 262144-278527) [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 186 Checksum 0x0990, unused inodes 2024 187 Block bitmap at 262144 (+0), Inode bitmap at 262160 (+16) 188 Inode table at 262176-262428 (+32) 189 12304 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 190 Free blocks: 266224-278527 191 Free inodes: 32385-34408 192 Group 17: (Blocks 278528-294911) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 193 Checksum 0xcd8f, unused inodes 2024 194 Block bitmap at 262145 (+4294950913), Inode bitmap at 262161 (+4294950929) 195 Inode table at 262429-262681 (+4294951197) 196 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 197 Free blocks: 278528-294911 198 Free inodes: 34409-36432 199 Group 18: (Blocks 294912-311295) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 200 Checksum 0xdf82, unused inodes 2024 201 Block bitmap at 262146 (+4294934530), Inode bitmap at 262162 (+4294934546) 202 Inode table at 262682-262934 (+4294935066) 203 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 204 Free blocks: 294912-311295 205 Free inodes: 36433-38456 206 Group 19: (Blocks 311296-327679) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 207 Checksum 0xd576, unused inodes 2024 208 Block bitmap at 262147 (+4294918147), Inode bitmap at 262163 (+4294918163) 209 Inode table at 262935-263187 (+4294918935) 210 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 211 Free blocks: 311296-327679 212 Free inodes: 38457-40480 213 Group 20: (Blocks 327680-344063) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 214 Checksum 0xfb98, unused inodes 2024 215 Block bitmap at 262148 (+4294901764), Inode bitmap at 262164 (+4294901780) 216 Inode table at 263188-263440 (+4294902804) 217 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 218 Free blocks: 327680-344063 219 Free inodes: 40481-42504 220 Group 21: (Blocks 344064-360447) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 221 Checksum 0x57e5, unused inodes 2024 222 Block bitmap at 262149 (+4294885381), Inode bitmap at 262165 (+4294885397) 223 Inode table at 263441-263693 (+4294886673) 224 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 225 Free blocks: 344064-360447 226 Free inodes: 42505-44528 227 Group 22: (Blocks 360448-376831) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 228 Checksum 0xee70, unused inodes 2024 229 Block bitmap at 262150 (+4294868998), Inode bitmap at 262166 (+4294869014) 230 Inode table at 263694-263946 (+4294870542) 231 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 232 Free blocks: 360448-376831 233 Free inodes: 44529-46552 234 Group 23: (Blocks 376832-393215) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 235 Checksum 0x420d, unused inodes 2024 236 Block bitmap at 262151 (+4294852615), Inode bitmap at 262167 (+4294852631) 237 Inode table at 263947-264199 (+4294854411) 238 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 239 Free blocks: 376832-393215 240 Free inodes: 46553-48576 241 Group 24: (Blocks 393216-409599) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 242 Checksum 0xb3ac, unused inodes 2024 243 Block bitmap at 262152 (+4294836232), Inode bitmap at 262168 (+4294836248) 244 Inode table at 264200-264452 (+4294838280) 245 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 246 Free blocks: 393216-409599 247 Free inodes: 48577-50600 248 Group 25: (Blocks 409600-425983) [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 249 Checksum 0xaab1, unused inodes 2024 250 Backup superblock at 409600, Group descriptors at 409601-409602 251 Reserved GDT blocks at 409603-410114 252 Block bitmap at 262153 (+4294819849), Inode bitmap at 262169 (+4294819865) 253 Inode table at 264453-264705 (+4294822149) 254 15869 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 255 Free blocks: 410115-425983 256 Free inodes: 50601-52624 257 Group 26: (Blocks 425984-442367) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 258 Checksum 0xab55, unused inodes 2024 259 Block bitmap at 262154 (+4294803466), Inode bitmap at 262170 (+4294803482) 260 Inode table at 264706-264958 (+4294806018) 261 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 262 Free blocks: 425984-442367 263 Free inodes: 52625-54648 264 Group 27: (Blocks 442368-458751) [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 265 Checksum 0x28a7, unused inodes 2024 266 Backup superblock at 442368, Group descriptors at 442369-442370 267 Reserved GDT blocks at 442371-442882 268 Block bitmap at 262155 (+4294787083), Inode bitmap at 262171 (+4294787099) 269 Inode table at 264959-265211 (+4294789887) 270 15869 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 271 Free blocks: 442883-458751 272 Free inodes: 54649-56672 273 Group 28: (Blocks 458752-475135) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 274 Checksum 0x73c6, unused inodes 2024 275 Block bitmap at 262156 (+4294770700), Inode bitmap at 262172 (+4294770716) 276 Inode table at 265212-265464 (+4294773756) 277 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 278 Free blocks: 458752-475135 279 Free inodes: 56673-58696 280 Group 29: (Blocks 475136-491519) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 281 Checksum 0xb9dd, unused inodes 2024 282 Block bitmap at 262157 (+4294754317), Inode bitmap at 262173 (+4294754333) 283 Inode table at 265465-265717 (+4294757625) 284 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 285 Free blocks: 475136-491519 286 Free inodes: 58697-60720 287 Group 30: (Blocks 491520-507903) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 288 Checksum 0xef7a, unused inodes 2024 289 Block bitmap at 262158 (+4294737934), Inode bitmap at 262174 (+4294737950) 290 Inode table at 265718-265970 (+4294741494) 291 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 292 Free blocks: 491520-507903 293 Free inodes: 60721-62744 294 Group 31: (Blocks 507904-524287) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 295 Checksum 0xa124, unused inodes 2024 296 Block bitmap at 262159 (+4294721551), Inode bitmap at 262175 (+4294721567) 297 Inode table at 265971-266223 (+4294725363) 298 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 299 Free blocks: 507904-524287 300 Free inodes: 62745-64768 301 Group 32: (Blocks 524288-540671) [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 302 Checksum 0xcb02, unused inodes 2024 303 Block bitmap at 524288 (+0), Inode bitmap at 524304 (+16) 304 Inode table at 524320-524572 (+32) 305 12304 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 306 Free blocks: 528368-540671 307 Free inodes: 64769-66792 308 Group 33: (Blocks 540672-557055) [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 309 Checksum 0x1cd5, unused inodes 2024 310 Block bitmap at 524289 (+4294950913), Inode bitmap at 524305 (+4294950929) 311 Inode table at 524573-524825 (+4294951197) 312 0 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 313 Free blocks: 314 Free inodes: 66793-68816 315 Group 34: (Blocks 557056-573439) [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 316 Checksum 0x0ed8, unused inodes 2024 317 Block bitmap at 524290 (+4294934530), Inode bitmap at 524306 (+4294934546) 318 Inode table at 524826-525078 (+4294935066) 319 0 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 320 Free blocks: 321 Free inodes: 68817-70840 322 Group 35: (Blocks 573440-589823) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 323 Checksum 0x17e4, unused inodes 2024 324 Block bitmap at 524291 (+4294918147), Inode bitmap at 524307 (+4294918163) 325 Inode table at 525079-525331 (+4294918935) 326 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 327 Free blocks: 573440-589823 328 Free inodes: 70841-72864 329 Group 36: (Blocks 589824-606207) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 330 Checksum 0x390a, unused inodes 2024 331 Block bitmap at 524292 (+4294901764), Inode bitmap at 524308 (+4294901780) 332 Inode table at 525332-525584 (+4294902804) 333 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 334 Free blocks: 589824-606207 335 Free inodes: 72865-74888 336 Group 37: (Blocks 606208-622591) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 337 Checksum 0x9577, unused inodes 2024 338 Block bitmap at 524293 (+4294885381), Inode bitmap at 524309 (+4294885397) 339 Inode table at 525585-525837 (+4294886673) 340 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 341 Free blocks: 606208-622591 342 Free inodes: 74889-76912 343 Group 38: (Blocks 622592-638975) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 344 Checksum 0x2ce2, unused inodes 2024 345 Block bitmap at 524294 (+4294868998), Inode bitmap at 524310 (+4294869014) 346 Inode table at 525838-526090 (+4294870542) 347 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 348 Free blocks: 622592-638975 349 Free inodes: 76913-78936 350 Group 39: (Blocks 638976-655359) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 351 Checksum 0x809f, unused inodes 2024 352 Block bitmap at 524295 (+4294852615), Inode bitmap at 524311 (+4294852631) 353 Inode table at 526091-526343 (+4294854411) 354 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 355 Free blocks: 638976-655359 356 Free inodes: 78937-80960 357 Group 40: (Blocks 655360-671743) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 358 Checksum 0x713e, unused inodes 2024 359 Block bitmap at 524296 (+4294836232), Inode bitmap at 524312 (+4294836248) 360 Inode table at 526344-526596 (+4294838280) 361 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 362 Free blocks: 655360-671743 363 Free inodes: 80961-82984 364 Group 41: (Blocks 671744-688127) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 365 Checksum 0x7bca, unused inodes 2024 366 Block bitmap at 524297 (+4294819849), Inode bitmap at 524313 (+4294819865) 367 Inode table at 526597-526849 (+4294822149) 368 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 369 Free blocks: 671744-688127 370 Free inodes: 82985-85008 371 Group 42: (Blocks 688128-704511) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 372 Checksum 0x69c7, unused inodes 2024 373 Block bitmap at 524298 (+4294803466), Inode bitmap at 524314 (+4294803482) 374 Inode table at 526850-527102 (+4294806018) 375 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 376 Free blocks: 688128-704511 377 Free inodes: 85009-87032 378 Group 43: (Blocks 704512-720895) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 379 Checksum 0xf9dc, unused inodes 2024 380 Block bitmap at 524299 (+4294787083), Inode bitmap at 524315 (+4294787099) 381 Inode table at 527103-527355 (+4294789887) 382 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 383 Free blocks: 704512-720895 384 Free inodes: 87033-89056 385 Group 44: (Blocks 720896-737279) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 386 Checksum 0xb154, unused inodes 2024 387 Block bitmap at 524300 (+4294770700), Inode bitmap at 524316 (+4294770716) 388 Inode table at 527356-527608 (+4294773756) 389 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 390 Free blocks: 720896-737279 391 Free inodes: 89057-91080 392 Group 45: (Blocks 737280-753663) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 393 Checksum 0x7b4f, unused inodes 2024 394 Block bitmap at 524301 (+4294754317), Inode bitmap at 524317 (+4294754333) 395 Inode table at 527609-527861 (+4294757625) 396 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 397 Free blocks: 737280-753663 398 Free inodes: 91081-93104 399 Group 46: (Blocks 753664-770047) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 400 Checksum 0x2de8, unused inodes 2024 401 Block bitmap at 524302 (+4294737934), Inode bitmap at 524318 (+4294737950) 402 Inode table at 527862-528114 (+4294741494) 403 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 404 Free blocks: 753664-770047 405 Free inodes: 93105-95128 406 Group 47: (Blocks 770048-786431) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 407 Checksum 0x63b6, unused inodes 2024 408 Block bitmap at 524303 (+4294721551), Inode bitmap at 524319 (+4294721567) 409 Inode table at 528115-528367 (+4294725363) 410 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 411 Free blocks: 770048-786431 412 Free inodes: 95129-97152 413 Group 48: (Blocks 786432-802815) [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 414 Checksum 0x8a8c, unused inodes 2024 415 Block bitmap at 786432 (+0), Inode bitmap at 786448 (+16) 416 Inode table at 786464-786716 (+32) 417 12304 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 418 Free blocks: 790512-802815 419 Free inodes: 97153-99176 420 Group 49: (Blocks 802816-819199) [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 421 Checksum 0x5d7a, unused inodes 2024 422 Backup superblock at 802816, Group descriptors at 802817-802818 423 Reserved GDT blocks at 802819-803330 424 Block bitmap at 786433 (+4294950913), Inode bitmap at 786449 (+4294950929) 425 Inode table at 786717-786969 (+4294951197) 426 15869 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 427 Free blocks: 803331-819199 428 Free inodes: 99177-101200 429 Group 50: (Blocks 819200-835583) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 430 Checksum 0x5c9e, unused inodes 2024 431 Block bitmap at 786434 (+4294934530), Inode bitmap at 786450 (+4294934546) 432 Inode table at 786970-787222 (+4294935066) 433 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 434 Free blocks: 819200-835583 435 Free inodes: 101201-103224 436 Group 51: (Blocks 835584-851967) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 437 Checksum 0x566a, unused inodes 2024 438 Block bitmap at 786435 (+4294918147), Inode bitmap at 786451 (+4294918163) 439 Inode table at 787223-787475 (+4294918935) 440 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 441 Free blocks: 835584-851967 442 Free inodes: 103225-105248 443 Group 52: (Blocks 851968-868351) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 444 Checksum 0x7884, unused inodes 2024 445 Block bitmap at 786436 (+4294901764), Inode bitmap at 786452 (+4294901780) 446 Inode table at 787476-787728 (+4294902804) 447 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 448 Free blocks: 851968-868351 449 Free inodes: 105249-107272 450 Group 53: (Blocks 868352-884735) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 451 Checksum 0xd4f9, unused inodes 2024 452 Block bitmap at 786437 (+4294885381), Inode bitmap at 786453 (+4294885397) 453 Inode table at 787729-787981 (+4294886673) 454 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 455 Free blocks: 868352-884735 456 Free inodes: 107273-109296 457 Group 54: (Blocks 884736-901119) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 458 Checksum 0x6d6c, unused inodes 2024 459 Block bitmap at 786438 (+4294868998), Inode bitmap at 786454 (+4294869014) 460 Inode table at 787982-788234 (+4294870542) 461 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 462 Free blocks: 884736-901119 463 Free inodes: 109297-111320 464 Group 55: (Blocks 901120-917503) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 465 Checksum 0xc111, unused inodes 2024 466 Block bitmap at 786439 (+4294852615), Inode bitmap at 786455 (+4294852631) 467 Inode table at 788235-788487 (+4294854411) 468 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 469 Free blocks: 901120-917503 470 Free inodes: 111321-113344 471 Group 56: (Blocks 917504-933887) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 472 Checksum 0x30b0, unused inodes 2024 473 Block bitmap at 786440 (+4294836232), Inode bitmap at 786456 (+4294836248) 474 Inode table at 788488-788740 (+4294838280) 475 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 476 Free blocks: 917504-933887 477 Free inodes: 113345-115368 478 Group 57: (Blocks 933888-950271) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 479 Checksum 0x3a44, unused inodes 2024 480 Block bitmap at 786441 (+4294819849), Inode bitmap at 786457 (+4294819865) 481 Inode table at 788741-788993 (+4294822149) 482 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 483 Free blocks: 933888-950271 484 Free inodes: 115369-117392 485 Group 58: (Blocks 950272-966655) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 486 Checksum 0x2849, unused inodes 2024 487 Block bitmap at 786442 (+4294803466), Inode bitmap at 786458 (+4294803482) 488 Inode table at 788994-789246 (+4294806018) 489 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 490 Free blocks: 950272-966655 491 Free inodes: 117393-119416 492 Group 59: (Blocks 966656-983039) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 493 Checksum 0xb852, unused inodes 2024 494 Block bitmap at 786443 (+4294787083), Inode bitmap at 786459 (+4294787099) 495 Inode table at 789247-789499 (+4294789887) 496 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 497 Free blocks: 966656-983039 498 Free inodes: 119417-121440 499 Group 60: (Blocks 983040-999423) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 500 Checksum 0xf0da, unused inodes 2024 501 Block bitmap at 786444 (+4294770700), Inode bitmap at 786460 (+4294770716) 502 Inode table at 789500-789752 (+4294773756) 503 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 504 Free blocks: 983040-999423 505 Free inodes: 121441-123464 506 Group 61: (Blocks 999424-1015807) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 507 Checksum 0x3ac1, unused inodes 2024 508 Block bitmap at 786445 (+4294754317), Inode bitmap at 786461 (+4294754333) 509 Inode table at 789753-790005 (+4294757625) 510 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 511 Free blocks: 999424-1015807 512 Free inodes: 123465-125488 513 Group 62: (Blocks 1015808-1032191) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 514 Checksum 0x6c66, unused inodes 2024 515 Block bitmap at 786446 (+4294737934), Inode bitmap at 786462 (+4294737950) 516 Inode table at 790006-790258 (+4294741494) 517 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 518 Free blocks: 1015808-1032191 519 Free inodes: 125489-127512 520 Group 63: (Blocks 1032192-1048575) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 521 Checksum 0x2238, unused inodes 2024 522 Block bitmap at 786447 (+4294721551), Inode bitmap at 786463 (+4294721567) 523 Inode table at 790259-790511 (+4294725363) 524 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 525 Free blocks: 1032192-1048575 526 Free inodes: 127513-129536 527 Group 64: (Blocks 1048576-1052255) [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 528 Checksum 0xb5ee, unused inodes 2024 529 Block bitmap at 1048576 (+0), Inode bitmap at 1048592 (+16) 530 Inode table at 1048608-1048860 (+32) 531 3425 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 532 Free blocks: 1048577-1048591, 1048593-1048607, 1048861-1052255 533 Free inodes: 129537-131560 534 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 535 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# dumpe2fs -h /dev/sdb3 #僅顯示超級塊中保存的信息 9 dumpe2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) 10 Filesystem volume name: <none> #文件系統卷標名稱 11 Last mounted on: <not available> #上一次上面時候掛載的 12 Filesystem UUID: 87f7686e-09bd-4a1e-a567-4939c6a4dcab 13 Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53 #文件的魔術號 14 Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic) 15 Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent flex_bg sparse_super huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize #支持的默認屬性 16 Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash 17 Default mount options: (none) 18 Filesystem state: clean 19 Errors behavior: Continue 20 Filesystem OS type: Linux 21 Inode count: 131560 22 Block count: 1052256 23 Reserved block count: 31567 24 Free blocks: 998268 25 Free inodes: 131549 26 First block: 0 27 Block size: 2048 28 Fragment size: 2048 29 Reserved GDT blocks: 512 30 Blocks per group: 16384 31 Fragments per group: 16384 32 Inodes per group: 2024 33 Inode blocks per group: 253 34 Flex block group size: 16 35 Filesystem created: Thu May 11 12:42:49 2017 36 Last mount time: n/a 37 Last write time: Thu May 11 12:42:49 2017 38 Mount count: 0 39 Maximum mount count: 29 40 Last checked: Thu May 11 12:42:49 2017 41 Check interval: 15552000 (6 months) 42 Next check after: Tue Nov 7 11:42:49 2017 43 Lifetime writes: 97 MB 44 Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root) 45 Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root) 46 First inode: 11 47 Inode size: 256 48 Required extra isize: 28 49 Desired extra isize: 28 50 Journal inode: 8 51 Default directory hash: half_md4 52 Directory Hash Seed: ff3c9e24-63aa-462a-9d6d-863f99c556d0 53 Journal backup: inode blocks 54 Journal features: (none) 55 Journal size: 64M 56 Journal length: 32768 57 Journal sequence: 0x00000001 58 Journal start: 0 59 60 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 61 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# tune2fs -l /dev/sdb3 #查看超級塊中的信息。 9 tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) 10 Filesystem volume name: <none> 11 Last mounted on: <not available> 12 Filesystem UUID: 87f7686e-09bd-4a1e-a567-4939c6a4dcab 13 Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53 14 Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic) 15 Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent flex_bg sparse_super huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize 16 Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash 17 Default mount options: (none) 18 Filesystem state: clean 19 Errors behavior: Continue 20 Filesystem OS type: Linux 21 Inode count: 131560 22 Block count: 1052256 23 Reserved block count: 31567 24 Free blocks: 998268 25 Free inodes: 131549 26 First block: 0 27 Block size: 2048 28 Fragment size: 2048 29 Reserved GDT blocks: 512 30 Blocks per group: 16384 31 Fragments per group: 16384 32 Inodes per group: 2024 33 Inode blocks per group: 253 34 Flex block group size: 16 35 Filesystem created: Thu May 11 12:42:49 2017 36 Last mount time: n/a 37 Last write time: Thu May 11 12:42:49 2017 38 Mount count: 0 39 Maximum mount count: 29 40 Last checked: Thu May 11 12:42:49 2017 41 Check interval: 15552000 (6 months) 42 Next check after: Tue Nov 7 11:42:49 2017 43 Lifetime writes: 97 MB 44 Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root) 45 Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root) 46 First inode: 11 47 Inode size: 256 48 Required extra isize: 28 49 Desired extra isize: 28 50 Journal inode: 8 51 Default directory hash: half_md4 52 Directory Hash Seed: ff3c9e24-63aa-462a-9d6d-863f99c556d0 53 Journal backup: inode blocks 54 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 55 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 56 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# tune2fs -l /dev/sdb3 #查看/dev/sdb3 超級塊中的信息 9 tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) 10 Filesystem volume name: <none> 11 Last mounted on: <not available> 12 Filesystem UUID: 87f7686e-09bd-4a1e-a567-4939c6a4dcab 13 Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53 14 Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic) 15 Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent flex_bg sparse_super huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize #含有分區特性“huge_file” 16 Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash 17 Default mount options: (none) 18 Filesystem state: not clean 19 Errors behavior: Continue 20 Filesystem OS type: Linux 21 Inode count: 131560 22 Block count: 1052256 23 Reserved block count: 31567 24 Free blocks: 998268 25 Free inodes: 131549 26 First block: 0 27 Block size: 2048 28 Fragment size: 2048 29 Reserved GDT blocks: 512 30 Blocks per group: 16384 31 Fragments per group: 16384 32 Inodes per group: 2024 33 Inode blocks per group: 253 34 Flex block group size: 16 35 Filesystem created: Thu May 11 12:42:49 2017 36 Last mount time: n/a 37 Last write time: Thu May 11 13:04:33 2017 38 Mount count: 0 39 Maximum mount count: 29 40 Last checked: Thu May 11 12:42:49 2017 41 Check interval: 15552000 (6 months) 42 Next check after: Tue Nov 7 11:42:49 2017 43 Lifetime writes: 97 MB 44 Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root) 45 Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root) 46 First inode: 11 47 Inode size: 256 48 Required extra isize: 28 49 Desired extra isize: 28 50 Journal inode: 8 51 Default directory hash: half_md4 52 Directory Hash Seed: ff3c9e24-63aa-462a-9d6d-863f99c556d0 53 Journal backup: inode blocks 54 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# tune2fs -O ^huge_file /dev/sdb3 #關閉/dev/sdb3的huge_file分區特性 55 tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) 56 57 Please run e2fsck on the filesystem. 58 59 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# tune2fs -l /dev/sdb3 60 tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) 61 Filesystem volume name: <none> 62 Last mounted on: <not available> 63 Filesystem UUID: 87f7686e-09bd-4a1e-a567-4939c6a4dcab 64 Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53 65 Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic) 66 Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent flex_bg sparse_super uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize #果真huge_file的分區特性沒了 67 Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash 68 Default mount options: (none) 69 Filesystem state: not clean 70 Errors behavior: Continue 71 Filesystem OS type: Linux 72 Inode count: 131560 73 Block count: 1052256 74 Reserved block count: 31567 75 Free blocks: 998268 76 Free inodes: 131549 77 First block: 0 78 Block size: 2048 79 Fragment size: 2048 80 Reserved GDT blocks: 512 81 Blocks per group: 16384 82 Fragments per group: 16384 83 Inodes per group: 2024 84 Inode blocks per group: 253 85 Flex block group size: 16 86 Filesystem created: Thu May 11 12:42:49 2017 87 Last mount time: n/a 88 Last write time: Thu May 11 13:04:49 2017 89 Mount count: 0 90 Maximum mount count: 29 91 Last checked: Thu May 11 12:42:49 2017 92 Check interval: 15552000 (6 months) 93 Next check after: Tue Nov 7 11:42:49 2017 94 Lifetime writes: 97 MB 95 Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root) 96 Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root) 97 First inode: 11 98 Inode size: 256 99 Required extra isize: 28 100 Desired extra isize: 28 101 Journal inode: 8 102 Default directory hash: half_md4 103 Directory Hash Seed: ff3c9e24-63aa-462a-9d6d-863f99c556d0 104 Journal backup: inode blocks 105 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# tune2fs -O huge_file /dev/sdb3 #打開/dev/sdb3的huge_file分區特性 106 tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) 107 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# tune2fs -l /dev/sdb3 108 tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) 109 Filesystem volume name: <none> 110 Last mounted on: <not available> 111 Filesystem UUID: 87f7686e-09bd-4a1e-a567-4939c6a4dcab 112 Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53 113 Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic) 114 Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent flex_bg sparse_super huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize #/dev/sdb3的huge_file分區特性又有了 115 Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash 116 Default mount options: (none) 117 Filesystem state: not clean 118 Errors behavior: Continue 119 Filesystem OS type: Linux 120 Inode count: 131560 121 Block count: 1052256 122 Reserved block count: 31567 123 Free blocks: 998268 124 Free inodes: 131549 125 First block: 0 126 Block size: 2048 127 Fragment size: 2048 128 Reserved GDT blocks: 512 129 Blocks per group: 16384 130 Fragments per group: 16384 131 Inodes per group: 2024 132 Inode blocks per group: 253 133 Flex block group size: 16 134 Filesystem created: Thu May 11 12:42:49 2017 135 Last mount time: n/a 136 Last write time: Thu May 11 13:05:00 2017 137 Mount count: 0 138 Maximum mount count: 29 139 Last checked: Thu May 11 12:42:49 2017 140 Check interval: 15552000 (6 months) 141 Next check after: Tue Nov 7 11:42:49 2017 142 Lifetime writes: 97 MB 143 Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root) 144 Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root) 145 First inode: 11 146 Inode size: 256 147 Required extra isize: 28 148 Desired extra isize: 28 149 Journal inode: 8 150 Default directory hash: half_md4 151 Directory Hash Seed: ff3c9e24-63aa-462a-9d6d-863f99c556d0 152 Journal backup: inode blocks 153 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 154 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# fsck -t ext4 /dev/sdb3 #對文件系統檢測 9 fsck from util-linux-ng 2.17.2 10 e2fsck 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) 11 /dev/sdb3 was not cleanly unmounted, check forced. 12 Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes #檢測 inodes, blocks, and sizes 13 Pass 2: Checking directory structure #檢測目錄機構 14 Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity #檢測目錄連整性 15 Pass 4: Checking reference counts #引用的次數 16 Pass 5: Checking group summary information #檢查組匯總信息 17 /dev/sdb3: 11/131560 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 53988/1052256 blocks 18 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 19 '''
11.創建交換分區
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 如果物理內存不夠用時，可以將那些最近很少使用的頁面數據（Page）置換出去，即切換到硬盤上，但是要注意的是內 9 存文件的格式和硬盤中文件的格式是不一樣的，所以這個分區必須格式化成跟內存兼容的模式不能轉換成文件的格式。以便 10 把內存的page直接存入這個分區，方便內存直接調用。而這個頁面（page）數據對於32位的操作系統一個page大概是4K左右， 11 對於64位操作系統這個page大小是可變的，4k-2M的大小都是比較常見的。事實上到底能使用多大的頁面（page）取決於CPU 12 而不取決於內存喲！這就是虛擬內存的概念。在linux上我們稱之為交換分區。記住，虛擬內存必須是一個單獨的分區。 13 14 那么問題來了：虛擬內存能代替物理內存運行程序嗎？ 15 答案是否定的，只是使用虛擬內存暫時保存數據，而不是代替物理內存運行程序。 16 虛擬內存的作用是這樣的： 17 當運行某個大程序、大游戲，需要的內存超過空閑內存但小於物理內存總量時，會暫時把內存里這些數據放到磁盤 18 上的虛擬內存里，空出物理內存運行游戲。等退出游戲后，又會把虛擬內存里的東西讀出來，放回物理內存。所以，虛擬 19 內存，並不是用來虛擬物理內存的，而是暫存數據的。如果對內存的需求大於物理內存總量，那虛擬內存設多大都不管用。 20 電腦內存太低，根本的方法還是增加物理內存，才能流暢。虛擬內存機制上就不管用，即使管用，比物理內存低100倍的速 21 度，也管不上什么實際的作用。所以，虛擬內存大了是沒用的，反而白占用磁盤空間。 22 ''' 23 24 ''' 25 交換分區： 26 mkswap 格式化為虛擬內存 27 -L label 指定卷標 28 swapon 啟動虛擬內存 29 -a 啟動所有的虛擬分區 30 -p：指定優先級 31 swapoff 關閉虛擬內存 32 更多參數請參考man mkswap 33 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb #對第二塊硬盤進行分區調整 9 10 WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to 11 switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to 12 sectors (command 'u'). 13 14 Command (m for help): p #查看當前分區情況 15 16 Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 17 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders 18 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes 19 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 20 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 21 Disk identifier: 0x8614a108 22 23 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System 24 /dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 83 Linux 25 /dev/sdb2 133 264 1060290 83 Linux 26 /dev/sdb3 265 526 2104515 83 Linux 27 /dev/sdb4 527 1305 6257317+ 5 Extended 28 /dev/sdb5 527 919 3156741 83 Linux 29 /dev/sdb6 920 1181 2104483+ 83 Linux #我想講第6個分區弄成交換分區。 30 31 Command (m for help): t #調整分區ID 32 Partition number (1-6): 6 #選擇分區編號為6 33 Hex code (type L to list codes): L #查看分區類型所對應的ID號，我們發現“82”就是交換分區的編號 34 35 0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris 36 1 FAT12 39 Plan 9 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 37 2 XENIX root 3c PartitionMagic 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 38 3 XENIX usr 40 Venix 80286 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 39 4 FAT16 <32M 41 PPC PReP Boot 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx 40 5 Extended 42 SFS 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data 41 6 FAT16 4d QNX4.x 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / . 42 7 HPFS/NTFS 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility 43 8 AIX 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt 44 9 AIX bootable 50 OnTrack DM 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access 45 a OS/2 Boot Manag 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O 46 b W95 FAT32 52 CP/M 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor 47 c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs 48 e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a5 FreeBSD ee GPT 49 f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 55 EZ-Drive a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/ 50 10 OPUS 56 Golden Bow a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b 51 11 Hidden FAT12 5c Priam Edisk a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor 52 12 Compaq diagnost 61 SpeedStor a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor 53 14 Hidden FAT16 <3 63 GNU HURD or Sys ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary 54 16 Hidden FAT16 64 Novell Netware af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS 55 17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 65 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE 56 18 AST SmartSleep 70 DiskSecure Mult b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto 57 1b Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep 58 1c Hidden W95 FAT3 80 Old Minix be Solaris boot ff BBT 59 1e Hidden W95 FAT1 60 Hex code (type L to list codes): 82 #設置該分區的標號 61 Changed system type of partition 6 to 82 (Linux swap / Solaris) 62 63 Command (m for help): P #查看當前分區情況 64 65 Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 66 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders 67 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes 68 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 69 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 70 Disk identifier: 0x8614a108 71 72 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System 73 /dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 83 Linux 74 /dev/sdb2 133 264 1060290 83 Linux 75 /dev/sdb3 265 526 2104515 83 Linux 76 /dev/sdb4 527 1305 6257317+ 5 Extended 77 /dev/sdb5 527 919 3156741 83 Linux 78 /dev/sdb6 920 1181 2104483+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris 79 80 Command (m for help): W #保存並退出 81 The partition table has been altered! 82 83 Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. 84 Syncing disks. 85 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 86 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb #查看分區信息 87 88 Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 89 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders 90 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes 91 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 92 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 93 Disk identifier: 0x8614a108 94 95 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System 96 /dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 83 Linux 97 /dev/sdb2 133 264 1060290 83 Linux 98 /dev/sdb3 265 526 2104515 83 Linux 99 /dev/sdb4 527 1305 6257317+ 5 Extended 100 /dev/sdb5 527 919 3156741 83 Linux 101 /dev/sdb6 920 1181 2104483+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris 102 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 103 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# kpartx -af /dev/sdb 9 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# partx -a /dev/sdb #重讀分區表信息，其實也可以不用敲擊這些命令的如果你是一塊新硬盤的話。 10 BLKPG: Device or resource busy 11 error adding partition 1 12 BLKPG: Device or resource busy 13 error adding partition 2 14 BLKPG: Device or resource busy 15 error adding partition 3 16 BLKPG: Device or resource busy 17 error adding partition 4 18 BLKPG: Device or resource busy 19 error adding partition 5 20 BLKPG: Device or resource busy 21 error adding partition 6 22 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 23 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mkswap /dev/sdb6 #將分區格式化成swap格式 9 Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 2104476 KiB 10 no label, UUID=41687bb2-c775-489c-9b32-1e4be73c233b #看見沒有，這里是“no label”，是因為我沒有定義卷標名。 11 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 12 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mkswap -L myswap /dev/sdb6 #用-L參數定義一個卷標名。 13 Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 2104476 KiB 14 LABEL=myswap, UUID=0553b99a-ee75-4476-8eda-70c591206467 #看見沒，“LABEL=myswap”這就是我定義的卷標名稱。 15 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 16 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /proc/meminfo | grep "^S" #查看當前交換分區大小 9 SwapCached: 0 kB 10 SwapTotal: 2031612 kB #目前交換分區大小為2G 11 SwapFree: 2031612 kB #表示空閑交換分區大小 12 Shmem: 1444 kB 13 Slab: 75020 kB 14 SReclaimable: 15620 kB 15 SUnreclaim: 59400 kB 16 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 17 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# swapon /dev/sdb6 #啟用我們已經格式化好的交換分區“/dev/sdb” 18 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /proc/meminfo | grep "^S" #再次查看當前交換分區大小 19 SwapCached: 0 kB 20 SwapTotal: 4136088 kB #我們發現交換分區大小變大了2G 21 SwapFree: 4136088 kB 22 Shmem: 1444 kB 23 Slab: 75148 kB 24 SReclaimable: 15656 kB 25 SUnreclaim: 59492 kB 26 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 27 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# swapoff /dev/sdb6 #關閉交換分區“/dev/sdb” 28 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 29 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /proc/meminfo | grep "^S" #驗證是否關閉成功 30 SwapCached: 0 kB 31 SwapTotal: 2031612 kB #發現的確是少了2G的空間 32 SwapFree: 2031612 kB 33 Shmem: 1444 kB 34 Slab: 75068 kB 35 SReclaimable: 15636 kB 36 SUnreclaim: 59432 kB 37 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 38 39 '''
12.獲取IDE磁盤的相關信息
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 hdparm 9 -i 從操作系統讀取 10 -I 直接從硬盤讀取 11 -g 顯示硬盤的布局信息 12 -t 測試硬盤的性能 13 -T 測試硬盤的性能 14 15 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 一個磁頭一次可以讀取128位信息，系統就會認為它被虛擬成128個磁頭（heads）。所以兩個磁頭（一個盤片有兩個面， 9 一個盤面有一個磁頭，所以說一個盤片有2個磁頭）就是256個虛擬磁頭（heads）。 10 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 11 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb #我們可以看出來磁盤的信息 12 13 Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 14 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders #這里有255個磁頭其實是工業生產導致，理論上就是256大家知道即可。 15 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes 16 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 17 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 18 Disk identifier: 0x8614a108 19 20 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System 21 /dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 83 Linux 22 /dev/sdb2 133 264 1060290 83 Linux 23 /dev/sdb3 265 526 2104515 83 Linux 24 /dev/sdb4 527 1305 6257317+ 5 Extended 25 /dev/sdb5 527 919 3156741 83 Linux 26 /dev/sdb6 920 1181 2104483+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris 27 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 28 ''' 29 30 ''' 31 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# hdparm -i /dev/sdb #從操作系統讀取 32 33 /dev/sdb: 34 SG_IO: bad/missing sense data, sb[]: 70 00 05 00 00 00 00 0a 00 00 00 00 20 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 35 HDIO_GET_IDENTITY failed: Invalid argument 36 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 37 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# hdparm -I /dev/sdb #直接從硬盤讀取 38 39 /dev/sdb: 40 SG_IO: bad/missing sense data, sb[]: 70 00 05 00 00 00 00 0a 00 00 00 00 20 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 41 42 ATA device, with non-removable media 43 Standards: 44 Likely used: 1 45 Configuration: 46 Logical max current 47 cylinders 0 0 48 heads 0 0 49 sectors/track 0 0 50 -- 51 Logical/Physical Sector size: 512 bytes 52 device size with M = 1024*1024: 0 MBytes 53 device size with M = 1000*1000: 0 MBytes 54 cache/buffer size = unknown 55 Capabilities: 56 IORDY not likely 57 Cannot perform double-word IO 58 R/W multiple sector transfer: not supported 59 DMA: not supported 60 PIO: pio0 61 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 62 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# hdparm -g /dev/sdb #顯示硬盤的布局信息 63 64 /dev/sdb: 65 geometry = 1305(柱面數)/255(磁頭,heads)/63（每磁道的扇區數）, sectors = 20971520（總的扇區數）, start = 0（從第幾個扇區開始） 66 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 67 68 '''
13.掛載
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 掛載分類： 9 手動掛載 10 按需掛載（autofs，這種效率比較低，當用的時候才去掛載，需要等待時間。） 11 開機自動掛載 12 13 mount[options] -t 文件類型 -o option 設備 掛載點 14 [options] : 命令的選項 15 -n:不更新/etc/mtab文件 16 --bind：dir1 dir2 將目錄掛載到目錄上，使得dir2也能訪問dir1的文件 17 -t fstype 18 -r 只讀掛載 19 -w：讀寫掛載 20 -L lable 以卷標指定，也可以使用LABLE="lable" 21 -U UUID：使用UUID掛載，也可以使用 UUID="uuid" 22 -o options:掛載時啟動分區特性 23 async：異步I/O 24 sync：同步I/O 25 noatime/atime 是否更新文件時間戳，不是特別重要的文件，建議noatime 26 auto: 是否能夠被mount -a 自動掛載所有（/etc/fstab中）的文件自動掛載 27 dev/nodev：是否能創建設備文件 28 diratime/nodirtime：是否更新目錄的時間戳 29 exec/noexec：是否允許執行二進制程序 30 _netdev:網絡設備 31 remount：重新掛載 32 relatime/norelatime 是否實時更新 33 acl 文件訪問控制列表 34 35 掛載點：掛載以后原始數據將被隱藏 36 1、選擇空閑目錄 37 2、必須事先存在 38 卸載： 39 1、空閑時可以卸載 40 2、其實也可以強行卸載 41 umount 設備|掛載點 42 43 直接使用mount可以顯示當前系統的掛載信息，也可以查看/proc/mounts或者/etc/mtab 44 45 光盤： 46 /dev/cdrom /dev/dvdrom /dev/sr0 47 [-t iso9660] 48 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /proc/filesystems #查看內核能識別的文件系統類型 9 nodev sysfs #其中“nodev”表示非設備文件系統，即偽文件系統，后面的參數是“sysfs”。 10 nodev rootfs 11 nodev bdev 12 nodev proc 13 nodev cgroup 14 nodev cpuset 15 nodev tmpfs 16 nodev devtmpfs 17 nodev binfmt_misc 18 nodev debugfs 19 nodev securityfs 20 nodev sockfs 21 nodev usbfs 22 nodev pipefs 23 nodev anon_inodefs 24 nodev inotifyfs 25 nodev devpts 26 nodev ramfs 27 nodev hugetlbfs 28 iso9660 #這就是設備文件系統，光盤 29 nodev pstore 30 nodev mqueue 31 nodev selinuxfs 32 ext4 #這個也是設備文件系統，前面沒有“nodev”進行標識。 33 nodev vmhgfs 34 nodev fuse 35 fuseblk 36 nodev fusectl 37 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 38 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mkdir /yinzhengjie #創建一個掛載目錄 9 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount #查看當前的掛載信息 10 /dev/sda2 on / type ext4 (rw) 11 proc on /proc type proc (rw) 12 sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) 13 devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) 14 tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0") 15 /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) 16 none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) 17 vmware-vmblock on /var/run/vmblock-fuse type fuse.vmware-vmblock (rw,nosuid,nodev,default_permissions,allow_other) 18 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /yinzhengjie/ #將第二塊設備的第一個分區掛載到"/yinzhengjie"目錄下。 19 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 20 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount #再次查看掛載信息，發現多出來了最后一項 21 /dev/sda2 on / type ext4 (rw) 22 proc on /proc type proc (rw) 23 sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) 24 devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) 25 tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0") 26 /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) 27 none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) 28 vmware-vmblock on /var/run/vmblock-fuse type fuse.vmware-vmblock (rw,nosuid,nodev,default_permissions,allow_other) 29 /dev/sdb1 on /yinzhengjie type ext4 (rw) #發現了掛載的目錄 30 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# ll /yinzhengjie/ #查看掛載點信息，出現了“lost+found”目錄表示掛載成功 31 total 16 32 drwx------. 2 root root 16384 May 12 04:31 lost+found 33 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cd /yinzhengjie/ 34 [root@yinzhengjie yinzhengjie]# touch {1..5}.txt #我們創建5個文件看看 35 [root@yinzhengjie yinzhengjie]# ll #發現也能成功創建文件，文件名是存在掛載目錄下的。 36 total 16 37 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 May 12 04:36 1.txt 38 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 May 12 04:36 2.txt 39 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 May 12 04:36 3.txt 40 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 May 12 04:36 4.txt 41 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 May 12 04:36 5.txt 42 drwx------. 2 root root 16384 May 12 04:31 lost+found 43 [root@yinzhengjie yinzhengjie]# cd #回到自己的家目錄去 44 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# umount /yinzhengjie/ #卸載掛載點 45 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount #再一次查看掛載信息，發現之前的掛載點不見了。 46 /dev/sda2 on / type ext4 (rw) 47 proc on /proc type proc (rw) 48 sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) 49 devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) 50 tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0") 51 /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) 52 none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) 53 vmware-vmblock on /var/run/vmblock-fuse type fuse.vmware-vmblock (rw,nosuid,nodev,default_permissions,allow_other) 54 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 55 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# ll /yinzhengjie/ #發現這個目錄的文件也沒有了，原因是卸載成功了，數據還存在那塊設備上。 56 total 0 57 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 58 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# ll /yinzhengjie/ #查看目錄為空。 9 total 0 10 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount #先查看掛載之前的信息 11 /dev/sda2 on / type ext4 (rw) 12 proc on /proc type proc (rw) 13 sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) 14 devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) 15 tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0") 16 /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) 17 none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) 18 vmware-vmblock on /var/run/vmblock-fuse type fuse.vmware-vmblock (rw,nosuid,nodev,default_permissions,allow_other) 19 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 20 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# tune2fs -L yinzhengjie /dev/sdb1 #給這個分區設置一個卷標名稱。 21 tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) 22 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# e2label /dev/sdb1 #查看這個卷標名稱 23 yinzhengjie 24 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 25 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount LABEL="yinzhengjie" /yinzhengjie/ #把卷標名稱為"yinzhengjie" 的設備掛載到“/yinzhengjie/”這個目錄下來。 26 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount #查看掛載后的信息 27 /dev/sda2 on / type ext4 (rw) 28 proc on /proc type proc (rw) 29 sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) 30 devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) 31 tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0") 32 /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) 33 none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) 34 vmware-vmblock on /var/run/vmblock-fuse type fuse.vmware-vmblock (rw,nosuid,nodev,default_permissions,allow_other) 35 /dev/sdb1 on /yinzhengjie type ext4 (rw) #這里有記錄，說明掛載成功了。 36 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# ll /yinzhengjie/ #看一下掛載目錄，果真是訪問到了數據 37 total 16 38 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 May 12 04:36 1.txt 39 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 May 12 04:36 2.txt 40 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 May 12 04:36 3.txt 41 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 May 12 04:36 4.txt 42 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 May 12 04:36 5.txt 43 drwx------. 2 root root 16384 May 12 04:31 lost+found 44 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 45 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# ll /yinzhengjie/ 9 total 0 10 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 11 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount #查看掛載信息 12 /dev/sda2 on / type ext4 (rw) 13 proc on /proc type proc (rw) 14 sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) 15 devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) 16 tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0") 17 /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) 18 none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) 19 vmware-vmblock on /var/run/vmblock-fuse type fuse.vmware-vmblock (rw,nosuid,nodev,default_permissions,allow_other) 20 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 21 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# blkid /dev/sdb1 #先查看設備的UUID信息 22 /dev/sdb1: LABEL="yinzhengjie" UUID="768fe361-9425-4928-b2d9-641064d1052a" TYPE="ext4" 23 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount UUID="768fe361-9425-4928-b2d9-641064d1052a" /yinzhengjie/ #將上面查閱到的UUID= 24 "768fe361-9425-4928-b2d9-641064d1052a"賦值下來，它就是“/dev/sdb1”這塊設備，我們將它掛載到"/yinzhengjie"目錄下。 25 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 26 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount #查看掛載信息 27 /dev/sda2 on / type ext4 (rw) 28 proc on /proc type proc (rw) 29 sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) 30 devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) 31 tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0") 32 /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) 33 none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) 34 vmware-vmblock on /var/run/vmblock-fuse type fuse.vmware-vmblock (rw,nosuid,nodev,default_permissions,allow_other) 35 /dev/sdb1 on /yinzhengjie type ext4 (rw) 36 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# ll /yinzhengjie/ #發現能夠成功范圍數據。 37 total 16 38 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 May 12 04:36 1.txt 39 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 May 12 04:36 2.txt 40 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 May 12 04:36 3.txt 41 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 May 12 04:36 4.txt 42 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 May 12 04:36 5.txt 43 drwx------. 2 root root 16384 May 12 04:31 lost+found 44 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 45 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount #查看掛載信息 9 /dev/sda2 on / type ext4 (rw) 10 proc on /proc type proc (rw) 11 sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) 12 devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) 13 tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0") 14 /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) 15 none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) 16 vmware-vmblock on /var/run/vmblock-fuse type fuse.vmware-vmblock (rw,nosuid,nodev,default_permissions,allow_other) 17 /dev/sdb1 on /yinzhengjie type ext4 (rw) #發現這個設備的掛載的權限是"讀寫(rw)"模式 18 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 19 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount -o remount,ro /dev/sdb1 #我們對其進行重新掛載，並將掛載后權限設置為只讀模式。 20 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount 21 /dev/sda2 on / type ext4 (rw) 22 proc on /proc type proc (rw) 23 sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) 24 devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) 25 tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0") 26 /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) 27 none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) 28 vmware-vmblock on /var/run/vmblock-fuse type fuse.vmware-vmblock (rw,nosuid,nodev,default_permissions,allow_other) 29 /dev/sdb1 on /yinzhengjie type ext4 (ro) #過着，權限變成了只讀(ro)了。 30 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 31 32 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount 9 /dev/sda2 on / type ext4 (rw) 10 proc on /proc type proc (rw) 11 sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) 12 devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) 13 tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0") 14 /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) 15 none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) 16 vmware-vmblock on /var/run/vmblock-fuse type fuse.vmware-vmblock (rw,nosuid,nodev,default_permissions,allow_other) 17 /dev/sdb1 on /yinzhengjie type ext4 (ro) #權限是只讀 18 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount -o remount,rw,acl /dev/sdb1 #啟用文件訪問控制列表功能（acl） 19 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount 20 /dev/sda2 on / type ext4 (rw) 21 proc on /proc type proc (rw) 22 sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) 23 devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) 24 tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0") 25 /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) 26 none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) 27 vmware-vmblock on /var/run/vmblock-fuse type fuse.vmware-vmblock (rw,nosuid,nodev,default_permissions,allow_other) 28 /dev/sdb1 on /yinzhengjie type ext4 (rw,acl) #發現真的有acl和rw權限了。 29 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 30 31 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# tune2fs -o acl /dev/sdb1 #給該分區添加ACL熟悉，讓其掛載的時候默認就支持ACL 9 tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) 10 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# tune2fs -l /dev/sdb1 | grep ^D #查看該分區信息 11 Default mount options: acl #我們發現是啟用了acl功能的，在mount的選項的時候它會自動支持該參數。 12 Desired extra isize: 28 13 Default directory hash: half_md4 14 Directory Hash Seed: 63cd7ef0-15f3-4e20-978a-82472a392459 15 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 16 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /yinzhengjie/ 17 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount 18 /dev/sda2 on / type ext4 (rw) 19 proc on /proc type proc (rw) 20 sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) 21 devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) 22 tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0") 23 /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) 24 none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) 25 vmware-vmblock on /var/run/vmblock-fuse type fuse.vmware-vmblock (rw,nosuid,nodev,default_permissions,allow_other) 26 /dev/sdb1 on /yinzhengjie type ext4 (rw) #注意這里盡管沒有acl顯示，但是它還是有acl屬性的，因為那個分區本身就支持acl，是咱們給配置的。 27 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 28 如果你想取消mount這個參數咋辦呢？很簡單，只要加一個“^”這個符號就好使了，如下： 29 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# tune2fs -o ^acl /dev/sdb1 30 tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) 31 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# tune2fs -l /dev/sdb1 | grep ^D 32 Default mount options: (none) #發現該屬性的確是沒有啦！為空！ 33 Desired extra isize: 28 34 Default directory hash: half_md4 35 Directory Hash Seed: 63cd7ef0-15f3-4e20-978a-82472a392459 36 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 37 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mkdir -p /media/yinzhengjie/cdrom #創建掛載點 9 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# ls -l /dev/cdrom #查看媒體文件所對應的鏈接 10 lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 12 02:38 /dev/cdrom -> sr0 11 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# ls -l /dev/sr0 12 brw-rw----+ 1 root cdrom 11, 0 May 12 02:38 /dev/sr0 13 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# ls -l /dev/dvd 14 lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 12 02:38 /dev/dvd -> sr0 15 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 16 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount -o ro /dev/cdrom /media/yinzhengjie/cdrom/ #以只讀(ro)的方式掛載,等價於：mount -r /dev/cdrom /media/yinzhengjie/cdrom/ 17 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount 18 /dev/sda2 on / type ext4 (rw) 19 proc on /proc type proc (rw) 20 sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) 21 devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) 22 tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0") 23 /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) 24 none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) 25 vmware-vmblock on /var/run/vmblock-fuse type fuse.vmware-vmblock (rw,nosuid,nodev,default_permissions,allow_other) 26 /dev/sdb1 on /yinzhengjie type ext4 (rw) 27 /dev/sr0 on /media/yinzhengjie/cdrom type iso9660 (ro) 28 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# ll /media/yinzhengjie/cdrom/ 29 total 712 30 -r--r--r--. 2 root root 14 Oct 24 2014 CentOS_BuildTag 31 dr-xr-xr-x. 3 root root 2048 Oct 24 2014 EFI 32 -r--r--r--. 2 root root 212 Nov 27 2013 EULA 33 -r--r--r--. 2 root root 18009 Nov 27 2013 GPL 34 dr-xr-xr-x. 3 root root 2048 Oct 24 2014 images 35 dr-xr-xr-x. 2 root root 2048 Oct 24 2014 isolinux 36 dr-xr-xr-x. 2 root root 686080 Oct 24 2014 Packages 37 -r--r--r--. 2 root root 1354 Oct 19 2014 RELEASE-NOTES-en-US.html 38 dr-xr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Oct 24 2014 repodata 39 -r--r--r--. 2 root root 1706 Nov 27 2013 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6 40 -r--r--r--. 2 root root 1730 Nov 27 2013 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Debug-6 41 -r--r--r--. 2 root root 1730 Nov 27 2013 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Security-6 42 -r--r--r--. 2 root root 1734 Nov 27 2013 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-6 43 -r--r--r--. 1 root root 3380 Oct 24 2014 TRANS.TBL 44 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 45 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# umount /dev/sr0 #卸載給設備報錯了 9 umount: /media/yinzhengjie/cdrom: device is busy. 10 (In some cases useful info about processes that use 11 the device is found by lsof(8) or fuser(1)) #說是用lsof和fuser命令可以找到這個設備被誰使用 12 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 13 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# fuser /media/yinzhengjie/cdrom/ #看一下是哪個進程再訪問這個設備 14 /media/yinzhengjie/cdrom/: 2420c 15 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 16 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# fuser -v /media/yinzhengjie/cdrom/ #查看詳細信息，到底是哪個用戶和對應的進程在訪問該設備。 17 USER PID ACCESS COMMAND 18 /media/yinzhengjie/cdrom/: 19 root 2420 ..c.. bash 20 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# who #其實是我自己開了2個設備在測試呢！ 21 root pts/0 2017-05-12 03:08 (172.16.3.210) 22 root pts/1 2017-05-12 05:42 (172.16.3.210) 23 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 24 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# fuser -km /media/yinzhengjie/cdrom/ #將正在訪問的該設備的用戶踢出去。 25 /media/yinzhengjie/cdrom/: 2420c 26 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# who #執行了上個命令，哪個用戶就被提出終端了！ 27 root pts/1 2017-05-12 05:42 (172.16.3.210) 28 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 29 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# umount /dev/sr0 #再一次執行卸載，發現沒有報錯 30 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount #也成功卸載掉了 31 /dev/sda2 on / type ext4 (rw) 32 proc on /proc type proc (rw) 33 sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) 34 devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) 35 tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0") 36 /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) 37 none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) 38 vmware-vmblock on /var/run/vmblock-fuse type fuse.vmware-vmblock (rw,nosuid,nodev,default_permissions,allow_other) 39 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 40 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 其實mount命令是通過“/proc/mounts[也是和內核相關的文件喲]”這個文件獲取到當前系統上正在掛載的相關信息，只不過mount用了比較讓我們易 9 讀的方式輸出出來而已。 10 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /proc/mounts 11 rootfs / rootfs rw 0 0 12 proc /proc proc rw,relatime 0 0 13 sysfs /sys sysfs rw,seclabel,relatime 0 0 14 devtmpfs /dev devtmpfs rw,seclabel,relatime,size=490820k,nr_inodes=122705,mode=755 0 0 15 devpts /dev/pts devpts rw,seclabel,relatime,gid=5,mode=620,ptmxmode=000 0 0 16 tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs rw,seclabel,relatime 0 0 17 /dev/sda2 / ext4 rw,seclabel,relatime,barrier=1,data=ordered 0 0 18 none /selinux selinuxfs rw,relatime 0 0 19 devtmpfs /dev devtmpfs rw,seclabel,relatime,size=490820k,nr_inodes=122705,mode=755 0 0 20 /proc/bus/usb /proc/bus/usb usbfs rw,relatime 0 0 21 /dev/sda1 /boot ext4 rw,seclabel,relatime,barrier=1,data=ordered 0 0 22 none /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc binfmt_misc rw,relatime 0 0 23 vmware-vmblock /var/run/vmblock-fuse fuse.vmware-vmblock rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_id=0,group_id=0,default_permissions,allow_other 0 0 24 /dev/sdb1 /yinzhengjie ext4 rw,seclabel,relatime,barrier=1,data=ordered 0 0 25 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 26 我們知道mount命令可以讓我們用來掛載以及查看相關相信，但是最終的數據存放在哪里呢？當然是要有一個配置文件了，其中“/etc/mtab ”就是一個用來存放 27 掛載信息的。 28 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /etc/mtab 29 /dev/sda2 / ext4 rw 0 0 30 proc /proc proc rw 0 0 31 sysfs /sys sysfs rw 0 0 32 devpts /dev/pts devpts rw,gid=5,mode=620 0 0 33 tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0" 0 0 34 /dev/sda1 /boot ext4 rw 0 0 35 none /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc binfmt_misc rw 0 0 36 vmware-vmblock /var/run/vmblock-fuse fuse.vmware-vmblock rw,nosuid,nodev,default_permissions,allow_other 0 0 37 /dev/sdb1 /yinzhengjie ext4 rw 0 0 38 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 39 讓我們來做個測試，我們卸載一個掛載點，看這個配置文件是否也發生變化。 40 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# umount /dev/sdb1 #我們卸載之前手動掛載的分區 41 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /etc/mtab #再次查看該配置文件，果不其然，隨着mount命令將掛載信息刪除了。 42 /dev/sda2 / ext4 rw 0 0 43 proc /proc proc rw 0 0 44 sysfs /sys sysfs rw 0 0 45 devpts /dev/pts devpts rw,gid=5,mode=620 0 0 46 tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0" 0 0 47 /dev/sda1 /boot ext4 rw 0 0 48 none /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc binfmt_misc rw 0 0 49 vmware-vmblock /var/run/vmblock-fuse fuse.vmware-vmblock rw,nosuid,nodev,default_permissions,allow_other 0 0 50 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 51 '''
14.查看磁盤信息命令
a>.df 磁盤空間使用狀態報告
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 ''' 7 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# df #默認是以KB為單位的 8 Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on 9 /dev/sda2 18208184 2504904 14771696 15% / 10 tmpfs 502172 72 502100 1% /dev/shm 11 /dev/sda1 289293 28473 245460 11% /boot 12 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# df -m #以MB為空間 13 Filesystem 1M-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on 14 /dev/sda2 17782 2447 14426 15% / 15 tmpfs 491 1 491 1% /dev/shm 16 /dev/sda1 283 28 240 11% /boot 17 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# df -h #將文件大小顯示易讀格式 18 Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on 19 /dev/sda2 18G 2.4G 15G 15% / 20 tmpfs 491M 72K 491M 1% /dev/shm 21 /dev/sda1 283M 28M 240M 11% /boot 22 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# df -i #顯示inode數量 23 Filesystem Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Mounted on 24 /dev/sda2 1164592 98347 1066245 9% / 25 tmpfs 125543 3 125540 1% /dev/shm 26 /dev/sda1 76912 38 76874 1% /boot 27 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# df -ih #划算成一度單位，注意下面的M或者K表示的不是文件的大小，而是表示的數字K=1000，M=1000000 28 Filesystem Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Mounted on 29 /dev/sda2 1.2M 97K 1.1M 9% / 30 tmpfs 123K 3 123K 1% /dev/shm 31 /dev/sda1 76K 38 76K 1% /boot 32 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# df -P #全部顯示，就是當Filesystem名稱過長的時候，不會換行顯示。 33 Filesystem 1024-blocks Used Available Capacity Mounted on 34 /dev/sda2 18208184 2504908 14771692 15% / 35 tmpfs 502172 72 502100 1% /dev/shm 36 /dev/sda1 289293 28473 245460 11% /boot 37 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# df -Ph #將文件大小顯示易讀格式且每行信息不換行顯示。 38 Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on 39 /dev/sda2 18G 2.4G 15G 15% / 40 tmpfs 491M 72K 491M 1% /dev/shm 41 /dev/sda1 283M 28M 240M 11% /boot 42 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# df -Ph /dev/sda1 #可以單獨查看一個分區情況。 43 Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on 44 /dev/sda1 283M 28M 240M 11% /boot 45 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 46 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# df -T #顯示時顯示文件類型 47 Filesystem Type 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on 48 /dev/sda2 ext4 18208184 2504920 14771680 15% / 49 tmpfs tmpfs 502172 72 502100 1% /dev/shm 50 /dev/sda1 ext4 289293 28473 245460 11% /boot 51 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 52 '''
b>.du 顯示文件占用磁盤的情況
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 ''' 7 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# ls -ldh /etc/ #查看目錄大小，很明顯不准確！ 8 drwxr-xr-x. 102 root root 4.0K May 12 05:48 /etc/ 9 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# du -s /etc/ #用du查看文件大小，默認為K. 10 39788 /etc/ 11 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# du -sh /etc/ #用du查看目錄大小，默認為M 12 39M /etc/ 13 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# du -sh /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 #我們也可以查看文件的大小 14 4.0K /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 15 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 16 17 '''
15.開機自動掛載
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 ''' 7 開機自動掛載 8 /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit:系統初始化腳本 9 其中一個功能：掛載/etc/fstab文件中定義的文件系統掛載點 10 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /etc/fstab 11 12 # 13 # /etc/fstab 14 # Created by anaconda on Tue Apr 11 05:43:15 2017 15 # 16 # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk' 17 # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info 18 # 19 UUID=421dd611-48a1-4a71-9f06-60605f68ef0d / ext4 defaults 1 1 20 UUID=003bdf87-a068-4553-b506-f174b1f82ed6 /boot ext4 defaults 1 2 21 UUID=1020e7eb-2f17-4a4d-b8bf-36776dcbf547 swap swap defaults 0 0 22 tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0 23 devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0 24 sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0 25 proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 26 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 27 我們看以下掛載的格式，從左往右一次又6列參數，那么這6列參數是啥意思呢？請看以下分析： 28 1>.要掛載的設備：設備文件、LABEL=”ladel” UUID 29 2>.掛載點：有的文件系統沒有掛載點 swap沒有掛載點，掛載點為swap 30 3>.文件系統類型： 31 4>.掛載選項：多個選項間使用逗號分隔 32 5>.轉儲頻率： 33 0：從不備份 34 1：每日備份 35 2：每隔一天備份 36 6>.自檢次序 37 1：首先自檢，通常只能被/使用 38 2-9：順序 39 0：從不自檢 40 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 ''' 7 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# vim + /etc/fstab #編輯mount配置文件，並將光標移動在最后一行，“+”參數表示最后一行 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /etc/fstab #在最后一行添加你需要開機掛載的設備和目錄。 9 10 # 11 # /etc/fstab 12 # Created by anaconda on Tue Apr 11 05:43:15 2017 13 # 14 # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk' 15 # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info 16 # 17 UUID=421dd611-48a1-4a71-9f06-60605f68ef0d / ext4 defaults 1 1 18 UUID=003bdf87-a068-4553-b506-f174b1f82ed6 /boot ext4 defaults 1 2 19 UUID=1020e7eb-2f17-4a4d-b8bf-36776dcbf547 swap swap defaults 0 0 20 tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0 21 devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0 22 sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0 23 proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 24 /dev/sdb1 /yinzhengjie ext4 defaults,acl 0 0 #這就是我們新加的一行。 25 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount #查看當前掛載項。 26 /dev/sda2 on / type ext4 (rw) 27 proc on /proc type proc (rw) 28 sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) 29 devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) 30 tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0") 31 /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) 32 none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) 33 vmware-vmblock on /var/run/vmblock-fuse type fuse.vmware-vmblock (rw,nosuid,nodev,default_permissions,allow_other) 34 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount -a #重新加載“ /etc/fstab”把fstab里面沒有掛載的信息進行掛載，其功效等同於重做操作系統時進行的自動掛載。或者執行“init 6”再查看配置文件是否生效。 35 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount #再次查看當前掛載項。 36 /dev/sda2 on / type ext4 (rw) 37 proc on /proc type proc (rw) 38 sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) 39 devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) 40 tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0") 41 /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) 42 none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) 43 vmware-vmblock on /var/run/vmblock-fuse type fuse.vmware-vmblock (rw,nosuid,nodev,default_permissions,allow_other) 44 /dev/sdb1 on /yinzhengjie type ext4 (rw,acl) #發現最后一行多出了一行掛載信息。說明你操作成功了。 45 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 46 47 '''
16.查看內存空間使用狀態
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 ''' 7 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /proc/meminfo #查看內存信息 8 MemTotal: 1004348 kB 9 MemFree: 671056 kB 10 Buffers: 18764 kB 11 Cached: 126240 kB 12 SwapCached: 0 kB 13 Active: 108700 kB 14 Inactive: 110672 kB 15 Active(anon): 74616 kB 16 Inactive(anon): 1184 kB 17 Active(file): 34084 kB 18 Inactive(file): 109488 kB 19 Unevictable: 0 kB 20 Mlocked: 0 kB 21 SwapTotal: 4136088 kB 22 SwapFree: 4136088 kB 23 Dirty: 164 kB 24 Writeback: 0 kB 25 AnonPages: 74376 kB 26 Mapped: 42396 kB 27 Shmem: 1440 kB 28 Slab: 75132 kB 29 SReclaimable: 15608 kB 30 SUnreclaim: 59524 kB 31 KernelStack: 1560 kB 32 PageTables: 10916 kB 33 NFS_Unstable: 0 kB 34 Bounce: 0 kB 35 WritebackTmp: 0 kB 36 CommitLimit: 4638260 kB 37 Committed_AS: 336672 kB 38 VmallocTotal: 34359738367 kB 39 VmallocUsed: 156112 kB 40 VmallocChunk: 34359567284 kB 41 HardwareCorrupted: 0 kB 42 AnonHugePages: 12288 kB 43 HugePages_Total: 0 44 HugePages_Free: 0 45 HugePages_Rsvd: 0 46 HugePages_Surp: 0 47 Hugepagesize: 2048 kB 48 DirectMap4k: 6144 kB 49 DirectMap2M: 1042432 kB 50 DirectMap1G: 0 kB 51 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# free -m #其實free命令的數據時取自“/proc/meminfo”文件的，知識為了易讀性可以用free -m參數查看內存使用情況 52 total used free shared buffers cached 53 Mem: 980 325 655 1 18 123 54 -/+ buffers/cache: 183 797 #這一行才是正點，其他的都是虛的，實際使用內存為183，實際空余內存為797 55 Swap: 4039 0 4039 56 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# free -g #這個參數是以GB為單位，列出磁盤中內存信息，空余查看內存比較大的時候用，如果你的內存不深就很少的話就會跟我一樣出現下面的尷尬參數了。 57 total used free shared buffers cached 58 Mem: 0 0 0 0 0 0 59 -/+ buffers/cache: 0 0 60 Swap: 3 0 3 61 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 62 63 '''
17.dd命令常用參數展示：
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 dd命令： 9 bs：一次讀多大的數據量 10 count：讀取次數 11 if：輸入文件 12 of：輸出文件 13 dd if=input_file of=output_file 14 dd if=input_file of=output_file bs=#[b|k|m|g] count=# 15 cat /dev/cdrom > /tmp/linux.iso #制作光盤 16 /dev/zero：吐01的 17 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 ''' 7 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /etc/issue 8 CentOS release 6.6 (Final) 9 Kernel \r on an \m 10 11 12 This is Yin Zhengjie's server 13 14 15 16 17 18 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 19 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# dd if=/etc/issue of=/tmp/issue.dd 20 0+1 records in #讀了多少個 21 0+1 records out #輸出了多少個 22 84 bytes (84 B) copied, 0.00011992 s, 700 kB/s #多少字節被復制，一共花了多長時間，每秒鍾傳輸數據的平局速度。 23 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /tmp/issue.dd #查看內容的確被復制 24 CentOS release 6.6 (Final) 25 Kernel \r on an \m 26 27 28 This is Yin Zhengjie's server 29 30 31 32 33 34 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 35 36 37 '''
其實dd相比cp是一個更低級的命令，跟語言一樣，語言越高級越接近用戶，處理速度就越慢，語言越低級就越接近機器，處理速度就越快，那么為什么dd命令處理速度要相比cp更快呢？其實很簡單，cp命令才拷貝文件的時候，先通過VFS系統（即虛擬文件系統）將源數據通通的讀取出來，然后在將這些數據傳給VFS，並通過文件系統在重新生成一份一模一樣的數據才完成了拷貝功能，但是dd命令就不一樣了，他繞過了VFS系統，直接找到源數據的inode所對應的blocks,直接將這些blocks內存中拷貝一份，這就是兩者的差距。
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 ''' 7 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/yinzhengjie.swapfile bs=1M count=100 #創建一個100M的文件 8 100+0 records in 9 100+0 records out 10 104857600 bytes (105 MB) copied, 0.145994 s, 718 MB/s 11 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 12 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# ll -h / | grep yinzhengjie #驗證文件是否創建成功 13 drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 4.0K May 12 04:36 yinzhengjie 14 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 100M May 12 10:46 yinzhengjie.swapfile #發現有這個100M的文件 15 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 16 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mkswap -f /yinzhengjie.swapfile #強制將這個文件格式化成交換分區 17 Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 102396 KiB 18 no label, UUID=f5896342-dd1f-4980-8806-2086ae3fec90 19 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# free -m #先查看內存信息 20 total used free shared buffers cached 21 Mem: 980 890 90 1 451 227 22 -/+ buffers/cache: 212 768 23 Swap: 4039 0 4039 #我們發現現在的total=4039 24 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# swapon /yinzhengjie.swapfile #開啟這個文件的交換分區 25 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# free -m #發現果然多了100M的swap分區 26 total used free shared buffers cached 27 Mem: 980 890 90 1 451 227 28 -/+ buffers/cache: 212 768 29 Swap: 4139 0 4139 #我們發現現在的total=4139 30 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 31 '''
以下是dd生產環節中常用的幾個案例：
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 linux制作光盤的2種方式： 9 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# dd if=/dev/cdrom of=/yinzhengjie/linux.iso #利用dd命令制作光盤，方法一 10 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /dev/cdrom > /yinzhengjie/linux.iso #利用cat命令制作光盤，方法二 11 linux中的磁盤對拷貝： 12 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# dd if=/dev/sda of=/dev/sdb #即將/dev/sda設備的信息拷貝一份到/dev/sdb上去。 13 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# dd if=/dev/sda of=/tmp/myfile bs=512 count=1 #講/dev/sda的MBR分區進行備份，當分區表破壞時，可以用/tmp/myfile進行還原。 14 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdb bs=512 count=1 #刪除/dev/sdb的分區信息，當然里面的數據還是可以找回來的，可以通過專業的數據恢復工具。 15 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/yinzhengjie.swapfile bs=1M count=100 #創建一個100M的本地回環設備，可以用來做分區格式化的（當然得需要一些額外的操作） 16 ''' 17 18 #這里只是dd命令的冰山一角，想要了解dd命令更多的用法，請參考man幫助，在哪里或許你能找到你感興趣的參數。
18.巧記歸檔命令
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 8 ''' 9 文件鏈接 10 ln 源文件 目標文件 11 硬鏈接： 12 不能跨分區， 13 指向同一個indone的兩個位置 14 不能對目錄創建硬鏈接 15 硬鏈接會改變文件被鏈接的次數 16 符號鏈接： 17 ln -s 18 符號鏈接可以跨分區 19 符號鏈接文件跟源文件不同一個inode 20 可以對目錄創建符號鏈接 21 符號鏈接不會改變源文件被鏈接的次數 22 23 24 dev 第一個表示主設備號 第二個表示次設備號 25 26 壓縮工具 27 zip： 28 gzip：gunzip= gzip -d，zcat 29 后綴：.gz 30 -c 指定要壓縮的文件 31 bzip2，bunzip2 32 -k 保留源文件 33 后綴 .bz 34 xz 35 后綴.xz 36 -#：指定壓縮比 1-9，默認的為6 37 38 39 歸檔工具： 40 tar [options] file.tar file1.... 41 -c:創建歸檔 42 -x：展開歸檔 43 -t：不展開而直接查看被歸檔的文件 44 -z：使用gzip壓縮 45 -j：使用bz2壓縮 46 -J：使用xz壓縮 47 48 49 '''