經常在調用linux 系統api 的時候會出現一些錯誤,比方說使用open() write() creat()之類的函數有些時候會返回-1,也就是調用失敗,這個時候往往需要知道失敗的原因。這個時候使用errno這個全局變量就相當有用了。
在程序代碼中包含 #include <errno.h>,然后每次程序調用失敗的時候,系統會自動用用錯誤代碼填充errno這個全局變量,這樣你只需要讀errno這個全局變量就可以獲得失敗原因了。
例如:
1 #include <stdio.h>
2 #include <string.h>
3 #include <errno.h>
4 int main(void) 5 { 6 int fd; 7 extern int errno; 8
9 if((fd = open("/dev/dsp",O_WRONLY)) < 0) { 10 printf("errno=%d\n",errno); 11 } 12
13 exit(0); 14 }
如果dsp設備忙的話errno值將是16。
errno.h中定義的錯誤代碼值如下:
查看錯誤代碼errno是調試程序的一個重要方法。當linux C api函數發生異常時,一般會將errno變量(需include errno.h)賦一個整數值,不同的值表示不同的含義,可以通過查看該值推測出錯的原因。在實際編程中用這一招解決了不少原本看來莫名其妙的問題。比較 麻煩的是每次都要去linux源代碼里面查找錯誤代碼的含義,現在把它貼出來,以后需要查時就來這里看了。
以下來自linux 2.4.20-18的內核代碼中的/usr/include/asm/errno.h
#ifndef _I386_ERRNO_H
#define _I386_ERRNO_H
#define EPERM 1 /* Operation not permitted */
#define ENOENT 2 /* No such file or directory */
#define ESRCH 3 /* No such process */
#define EINTR 4 /* Interrupted system call */
#define EIO 5 /* I/O error */
#define ENXIO 6 /* No such device or address */
#define E2BIG 7 /* Arg list too long */
#define ENOEXEC 8 /* Exec format error */
#define EBADF 9 /* Bad file number */
#define ECHILD 10 /* No child processes */
#define EAGAIN 11 /* Try again */
#define ENOMEM 12 /* Out of memory */
#define EACCES 13 /* Permission denied */
#define EFAULT 14 /* Bad address */
#define ENOTBLK 15 /* Block device required */
#define EBUSY 16 /* Device or resource busy */
#define EEXIST 17 /* File exists */
#define EXDEV 18 /* Cross-device link */
#define ENODEV 19 /* No such device */
#define ENOTDIR 20 /* Not a directory */
#define EISDIR 21 /* Is a directory */
#define EINVAL 22 /* Invalid argument */
#define ENFILE 23 /* File table overflow */
#define EMFILE 24 /* Too many open files */
#define ENOTTY 25 /* Not a typewriter */
#define ETXTBSY 26 /* Text file busy */
#define EFBIG 27 /* File too large */
#define ENOSPC 28 /* No space left on device */
#define ESPIPE 29 /* Illegal seek */
#define EROFS 30 /* Read-only file system */
#define EMLINK 31 /* Too many links */
#define EPIPE 32 /* Broken pipe */
#define EDOM 33 /* Math argument out of domain of func */
#define ERANGE 34 /* Math result not representable */
#define EDEADLK 35 /* Resource deadlock would occur */
#define ENAMETOOLONG 36 /* File name too long */
#define ENOLCK 37 /* No record locks available */
#define ENOSYS 38 /* Function not implemented */
#define ENOTEMPTY 39 /* Directory not empty */
#define ELOOP 40 /* Too many symbolic links encountered */
#define EWOULDBLOCK EAGAIN /* Operation would block */
#define ENOMSG 42 /* No message of desired type */
#define EIDRM 43 /* Identifier removed */
#define ECHRNG 44 /* Channel number out of range */
#define EL2NSYNC 45 /* Level 2 not synchronized */
#define EL3HLT 46 /* Level 3 halted */
#define EL3RST 47 /* Level 3 reset */
#define ELNRNG 48 /* Link number out of range */
#define EUNATCH 49 /* Protocol driver not attached */
#define ENOCSI 50 /* No CSI structure available */
#define EL2HLT 51 /* Level 2 halted */
#define EBADE 52 /* Invalid exchange */
#define EBADR 53 /* Invalid request descriptor */
#define EXFULL 54 /* Exchange full */
#define ENOANO 55 /* No anode */
#define EBADRQC 56 /* Invalid request code */
#define EBADSLT 57 /* Invalid slot */
#define EDEADLOCK EDEADLK
#define EBFONT 59 /* Bad font file format */
#define ENOSTR 60 /* Device not a stream */
#define ENODATA 61 /* No data available */
#define ETIME 62 /* Timer expired */
#define ENOSR 63 /* Out of streams resources */
#define ENONET 64 /* Machine is not on the network */
#define ENOPKG 65 /* Package not installed */
#define EREMOTE 66 /* Object is remote */
#define ENOLINK 67 /* Link has been severed */
#define EADV 68 /* Advertise error */
#define ESRMNT 69 /* Srmount error */
#define ECOMM 70 /* Communication error on send */
#define EPROTO 71 /* Protocol error */
#define EMULTIHOP 72 /* Multihop attempted */
#define EDOTDOT 73 /* RFS specific error */
#define EBADMSG 74 /* Not a data message */
#define EOVERFLOW 75 /* Value too large for defined data type */
#define ENOTUNIQ 76 /* Name not unique on network */
#define EBADFD 77 /* File descriptor in bad state */
#define EREMCHG 78 /* Remote address changed */
#define ELIBACC 79 /* Can not access a needed shared library */
#define ELIBBAD 80 /* Accessing a corrupted shared library */
#define ELIBSCN 81 /* .lib section in a.out corrupted */
#define ELIBMAX 82 /* Attempting to link in too many shared libraries */
#define ELIBEXEC 83 /* Cannot exec a shared library directly */
#define EILSEQ 84 /* Illegal byte sequence */
#define ERESTART 85 /* Interrupted system call should be restarted */
#define ESTRPIPE 86 /* Streams pipe error */
#define EUSERS 87 /* Too many users */
#define ENOTSOCK 88 /* Socket operation on non-socket */
#define EDESTADDRREQ 89 /* Destination address required */
#define EMSGSIZE 90 /* Message too long */
#define EPROTOTYPE 91 /* Protocol wrong type for socket */
#define ENOPROTOOPT 92 /* Protocol not available */
#define EPROTONOSUPPORT 93 /* Protocol not supported */
#define ESOCKTNOSUPPORT 94 /* Socket type not supported */
#define EOPNOTSUPP 95 /* Operation not supported on transport endpoint */
#define EPFNOSUPPORT 96 /* Protocol family not supported */
#define EAFNOSUPPORT 97 /* Address family not supported by protocol */
#define EADDRINUSE 98 /* Address already in use */
#define EADDRNOTAVAIL 99 /* Cannot assign requested address */
#define ENETDOWN 100 /* Network is down */
#define ENETUNREACH 101 /* Network is unreachable */
#define ENETRESET 102 /* Network dropped connection because of reset */
#define ECONNABORTED 103 /* Software caused connection abort */
#define ECONNRESET 104 /* Connection reset by peer */
#define ENOBUFS 105 /* No buffer space available */
#define EISCONN 106 /* Transport endpoint is already connected */
#define ENOTCONN 107 /* Transport endpoint is not connected */
#define ESHUTDOWN 108 /* Cannot send after transport endpoint shutdown */
#define ETOOMANYREFS 109 /* Too many references: cannot splice */
#define ETIMEDOUT 110 /* Connection timed out */
#define ECONNREFUSED 111 /* Connection refused */
#define EHOSTDOWN 112 /* Host is down */
#define EHOSTUNREACH 113 /* No route to host */
#define EALREADY 114 /* Operation already in progress */
#define EINPROGRESS 115 /* Operation now in progress */
#define ESTALE 116 /* Stale NFS file handle */
#define EUCLEAN 117 /* Structure needs cleaning */
#define ENOTNAM 118 /* Not a XENIX named type file */
#define ENAVAIL 119 /* No XENIX semaphores available */
#define EISNAM 120 /* Is a named type file */
#define EREMOTEIO 121 /* Remote I/O error */
#define EDQUOT 122 /* Quota exceeded */
#define ENOMEDIUM 123 /* No medium found */
#define EMEDIUMTYPE 124 /* Wrong medium type */
#endif
同時也可以使用strerror()來自己翻譯
如:
#include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> #include <errno.h> int main(void) { int fd; extern int errno; if((fd = open("/dev/dsp",O_WRONLY)) < 0) {
printf("errno=%d\n",errno);
char * mesg = strerror(errno);
printf("Mesg:%s\n",mesg);
} exit(0); }
dsp設備忙的話將輸出如下:
errno=16
Mesg:Device or resource busy
轉自:https://www.douban.com/note/165931644/
-----------------perror和sterror的區別-----------------
perror() 和 strerror() 以一種直觀的方式打印出錯誤信息,對於調試程序和編寫優秀的程序非常有用。
下面是perror() 與 strerror() 的使用范例及區別:
perror()原型:
#include <stdio.h>
void perror(const char *s);
其中,perror()的參數s 是用戶提供的字符串。當調用perror()時,它輸出這個字符串,后面跟着一個冒號和空格,然后是基於當前errno的值進行的錯誤類型描述(也就是剛剛內核代碼宏定義里面的那一長串字符)。
strerror()原型:
#include <string.h>
char * strerror(int errnum);
這個函數將errno的值作為參數,並返回一個描述錯誤的字符串。
1 /*rename.c*/ 2 3 #include<stdio.h> 4 #include <string.h> 5 #include <errno.h> 6 7 int main(int argc,char **argv) 8 { 9 char path[]="./first.c"; 10 char newpath[] = "./second.c"; 11 char newpathnot[] = "./gong/suo.c"; 12 extern int errno; 13 14 if( rename(path,newpathnot) == 0) 15 { 16 printf("the file %s was moved to %s.",path,newpathnot); 17 } 18 else 19 { 20 printf("Can't move the file %s.\n",path); 21 printf("errno:%d\n",errno); 22 printf("ERR:%s\n",strerror(errno)); 23 perror("Err"); 24 } 25 26 if(rename(path,newpath) == 0) 27 printf("the file %s was moved to %s.\n",path,newpath); 28 else 29 { 30 printf("Can't move the file %s.\n",path); 31 printf("errno:%d\n",errno); 32 printf("ERR:%s\n",strerror(errno)); 33 } 34 35 return 0; 36 } 37 38 39 gcc rename.c -o rename 40 ./rename 41 42 Can't move the file ./first.c. 43 errno:2 44 ERR:No such file or directory 45 Err: No such file or directory 46 the file ./first.c was moved to ./second.c
strerror()方法與perror()的用法十分相似。
先談談perror()的用法,這個方法用於將上一條語句(方法)執行后的錯誤打印到標准輸出上。一般情況下(沒有使用重定向的話),就是輸出到控制台上。
但是,如果我需要了解另外一個進程的某一個方法執行的錯誤,或者更briefly,我就希望將錯誤打印到一個文件里面,perror()就不太合適了!
為了實現我剛剛說到的要求,我們首先要將錯誤放到一個字符串里面。這個時候,strerror()就合適了!
strerror(errno)
首先,系統會根據上一條語句的執行錯誤情況,將errno賦值.。關於這點,我們首先明白兩點。第一,errno是一個系統變量,是不需要我們賦值或者聲明的。第二,errno是一個int類型的變量,而且其中的值對應一種特定錯誤類型
然后,關於strerror()本身,可以這么理解。顧名思義,strerror=string+error,就是將errno值翻譯成描述錯誤類型的string語句!
從上面的結果可以看出,perror(s),實際上是會輸出s: strerror(errno)這樣的形式,其中strerror(errno)表示errno對應的錯誤字符串。
