掛載、分區、grub
通過給一塊新磁盤安裝grub回顧磁盤掛載、分區文件系統創建等操作：
該實驗基於（CtonOS6.8；kernel:2.6.32-642.15.1.el6.x86_64）
1.通過VMware Workstationg添加一塊磁盤（SCSI）；
2./sys下SCSI掃描，查看主機總線號，磁盤肯定是有總線連接着：
1 [root@cl Test]# ls /sys/class/scsi_host/ 2 host0 host1 host2 3 [root@cl Test]# echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host0/scan 4 [root@cl Test]# echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host1/scan 5 [root@cl Test]# echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host2/scan 6 [root@cl Test]# fdisk -l
3.創建分區：
1 [root@cl Test]# fdisk /dev/sdb 2 Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel 3 Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xa61749e4. 4 Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. 5 After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable. 6 7 Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite) 8 9 WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to 10 switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to 11 sectors (command 'u'). 12 13 Command (m for help): n 14 Command action 15 e extended 16 p primary partition (1-4) 17 p 18 Partition number (1-4): 1 19 First cylinder (1-2610, default 1): 20 Using default value 1 21 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-2610, default 2610): +200M 22 23 Command (m for help): n 24 Command action 25 e extended 26 p primary partition (1-4) 27 p 28 Partition number (1-4): 2 29 First cylinder (27-2610, default 27): 30 Using default value 27 31 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (27-2610, default 2610): +2G 32 33 Command (m for help): t 34 Partition number (1-4): 2 35 Hex code (type L to list codes): 82 36 Changed system type of partition 2 to 82 (Linux swap / Solaris) 37 38 Command (m for help): n 39 Command action 40 e extended 41 p primary partition (1-4) 42 p 43 Partition number (1-4): 3 44 First cylinder (289-2610, default 289): 45 Using default value 289 46 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (289-2610, default 2610): +5G 47 48 Command (m for help): w 49 The partition table has been altered! 50 51 Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. 52 Syncing disks. 53 [root@cl Test]# partx -a /dev/sdb 54 BLKPG: Device or resource busy 55 error adding partition 1 56 BLKPG: Device or resource busy 57 error adding partition 2 58 BLKPG: Device or resource busy 59 error adding partition 3 60 [root@cl Test]# cat /proc/partitions 61 major minor #blocks name 62 63 8 0 125829120 sda 64 8 1 204800 sda1 65 8 2 5242880 sda2 66 8 3 2097152 sda3 67 8 4 1 sda4 68 8 5 10487075 sda5 69 8 6 5253223 sda6 70 8 7 8393931 sda7 71 8 16 20971520 sdb 72 8 17 208813 sdb1 73 8 18 2104515 sdb2 74 8 19 5253255 sdb3
4.創建文件系統：
1 [root@cl Test]# mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/sdb1 2 [root@cl Test]# mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/sdb3 3 [root@cl Test]# mkswap /dev/sdb2
5.掛載分區：
1 [root@cl ~]# mkdir /mnt/boot 2 [root@cl ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/boot/ 3 [root@cl ~]# ls /mnt/boot/ 4 lost+found
6.安裝grub：
1 [root@cl ~]# grub-install --root-directory=/mnt /dev/sdb1 （指明/的位置在mnt下） 2 Probing devices to guess BIOS drives. This may take a long time. 3 Installation finished. No error reported. 4 This is the contents of the device map /mnt/boot/grub/device.map. 5 Check if this is correct or not. If any of the lines is incorrect, 6 fix it and re-run the script `grub-install'. 7 8 (fd0) /dev/fd0 9 (hd0) /dev/sda 10 (hd1) /dev/sdb 11 [root@cl ~]# ls /mnt/boot/ 12 grub lost+found 13 [root@cl ~]# ls /mnt/boot/grub/ 14 device.map ffs_stage1_5 minix_stage1_5 stage2 xfs_stage1_5 15 e2fs_stage1_5 iso9660_stage1_5 reiserfs_stage1_5 ufs2_stage1_5 16 fat_stage1_5 jfs_stage1_5 stage1 vstafs_stage1_5
7.配置grub：
1 [root@cl ~]# cp /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-642.el6.x86_64 /mnt/boot/vmlinuz 2 [root@cl ~]# cp /boot/initramfs-2.6.32-642.el6.x86_64.img /mnt/boot/initramfs.img 3 [root@cl ~]# vim /mnt/boot/grub/grub.conf
default=0
timeout=5
title CentOS (Express)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz ro root=/dev/sda3
initrd /initramfs.img
8.創建根文件目錄：
1 [root@cl ~]# mkdir /mnt/sysroot 2 [root@cl ~]# mount /dev/sdb3 /mnt/sysroot/ 3 [root@cl ~]# cd /mnt/sysroot/ 4 [root@cl sysroot]# mkdir -p etc bin sbin lib lib64 dev proc sys tmp var usr home mnt media 5 [root@cl sysroot]# ls 6 bin dev etc home lib lib64 lost+found media mnt proc sbin sys tmp usr var 7 [root@cl sysroot]# cp /bin/bash /mnt/sysroot/bin/ （復制程序bash） 8 [root@cl sysroot]# ldd /bin/bash (查看程序依賴庫文件) 9 linux-vdso.so.1 => (0x00007fffd39f9000) 10 libtinfo.so.5 => /lib64/libtinfo.so.5 (0x0000003cc3800000) 11 libdl.so.2 => /lib64/libdl.so.2 (0x0000003cc1c00000) 12 libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x0000003cc2000000) 13 /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x0000003cc1800000) 14 [root@cl sysroot]# cp /lib64/libtinfo.so.5 /mnt/sysroot/lib64/ 15 [root@cl sysroot]# cp /lib64/libdl.so.2 /mnt/sysroot/lib64/ 16 [root@cl sysroot]# cp /lib64/libc.so.6 /mnt/sysroot/lib64/ 17 [root@cl sysroot]# cp /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 /mnt/sysroot/lib64/ 18 [root@cl sysroot]# cd 19 [root@cl ~]# chroot /mnt/sysroot/ （切換根） 20 bash-4.1# 21 bash-4.1# exit 22 exit
9.編輯啟動init為/bin/bash：
[root@cl ~]# vim /mnt/boot/grub/grub.conf default=0 timeout=5 title CentOS (Express) root (hd0,0) kernel /vmlinuz ro root=/dev/sda3 init=/bin/bash initrd /initramfs.img [root@cl ~]# sync
note：該操作把bash當做第一個用戶空間運行進程啟動；
note：sync命令的作用是，將有關文件系統的存儲器常駐信息送入物理介質內。在暫停系統之前，比如要重新啟動機器，一定要去執行sync命令。
補充：模擬破壞和修復方法一：
1 [root@cl ~]# dd if=/dev/sda of=/root/mbr.bak count=1 bs=512 2 1+0 records in 3 1+0 records out 4 512 bytes (512 B) copied, 0.000155983 s, 3.3 MB/ 5 [root@cl ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=200 count=1 6 1+0 records in 7 1+0 records out 8 200 bytes (200 B) copied, 0.000307597 s, 650 kB/s 9 [root@cl ~]# sync 10 [root@cl ~]# grub-install --root-directory=/ /dev/sda 11 Installation finished. No error reported. 12 This is the contents of the device map //boot/grub/device.map. 13 Check if this is correct or not. If any of the lines is incorrect, 14 fix it and re-run the script `grub-install'. 15 16 # this device map was generated by anaconda 17 (hd0) /dev/sda
模擬破壞和修復方法二：
1 [root@cl ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=200 count=1 2 1+0 records in 3 1+0 records out 4 200 bytes (200 B) copied, 0.0170366 s, 11.7 kB/s 5 [root@cl ~]# sync 6 [root@cl ~]# grub 7 Probing devices to guess BIOS drives. This may take a long time. 8 9 10 GNU GRUB version 0.97 (640K lower / 3072K upper memory) 11 12 [ Minimal BASH-like line editing is supported. For the first word, TAB 13 lists possible command completions. Anywhere else TAB lists the possible 14 completions of a device/filename.] 15 grub> root (hd0,0) 16 root (hd0,0) 17 Filesystem type is ext2fs, partition type 0x83 18 grub> setup (hd0) 19 setup (hd0) 20 Checking if "/boot/grub/stage1" exists... no 21 Checking if "/grub/stage1" exists... yes 22 Checking if "/grub/stage2" exists... yes 23 Checking if "/grub/e2fs_stage1_5" exists... yes 24 Running "embed /grub/e2fs_stage1_5 (hd0)"... 27 sectors are embedded. 25 succeeded 26 Running "install /grub/stage1 (hd0) (hd0)1+27 p (hd0,0)/grub/stage2 /grub/grub.conf"... succeeded 27 Done. 28 grub> quit 29 quit 30 [root@cl ~]# sync
模擬破壞和修復方法三：（重啟后救援模式修復）
重啟：
[root@cl ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=200 count=1 1+0 records in 1+0 records out 200 bytes (200 B) copied, 0.000283877 s, 705 kB/s [root@cl ~]# sync [root@cl ~]# reboot Broadcast message from root@cl.y.dba (/dev/pts/0) at 15:21 ... The system is going down for reboot NOW!
修復：1.選擇鏡像光盤：
2.重啟系統選擇救援模式：
3.進入shell：
4.修復並重啟：
