Fragment加載方式與數據通信


一、加載方式

1. 靜態加載

1.1 加載步驟

(1) 創建fragment:創建自定義Fragment類繼承自Fragment類,同時將自定義Fragment類與Fragment視圖綁定(將layout轉換成View)

View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState)

  inflater用於綁定Fragment的布局文件,同時將該布局轉換成View對象並返回;container為Fragment的UI所在的父容器。返回值為Fragment顯示的UI,若不顯示,則返回null。

inflate(int resource, ViewGroup root, boolean attachToRoot)

  resource為Fragment需要加載的布局文件;root為加載Fragment的父ViewGroup,也就是onCreateView傳遞進來的container;attachToRoot為是否返回父ViewGroup。

(2) 使用fragment:在父視圖中引入fragment,靜態加載必須指定name屬性以及一個唯一標識符,標識符可以為id或者tag

<!--指定在layout中實例化的Fragment類,需要為“包名.類名”的完整形式-->
android:name
<!--唯一標識,id和tag可任選其一,不可兩者都沒有-->
android:id
android:tag

(3) 監聽事件:若在父視圖對應的類中設置監聽事件,可以直接訪問fragment中的子組件;若在Fragment的類中設置,則必須通過inflate()返回的View對象訪問Fragment中的子組件(view.findViewById(id))。

1.2 簡單范例

MyFragment視圖:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:orientation="vertical" android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent">

    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/fragment_text"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content" />

</LinearLayout>

MyFragment類:

public class MyFragment extends Fragment {

    @Override
    public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) {
    
        //將layout布局轉換成View對象
        View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.myfragment, container, false);
        
        //必須通過view對象對其子組件進行訪問
        TextView textView = (TextView) view.findViewById(R.id.fragment_text);
        textView.setText("這里是fragment");
        
        //返回Fragment顯示UI
        return view;
    }
}

引用fragment的父視圖:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    tools:context="com.studying.StaticFragmentActivity">

    <fragment
        android:tag="fragment"
        android:name="com.joahyau.studying.MyFragment"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"/>

</LinearLayout>

父視圖對應的類設置事件監聽:

public class StaticFragmentActivity extends Activity {

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_static_fragment);

        //可直接通過findViewById訪問
        findViewById(R.id.fragment_text).setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View v) {
                Toast.makeText(StaticFragmentActivity.this, "點擊了文本", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
            }
        });
    }
}

2. 動態加載

2.1 加載步驟

(1) 獲取事務管理器:對Fragment進行的添加、移除、替換等操作,均為事務。需通過以下代碼獲取事務管理器,從而對fragment進行動態操作。

FragmentManager fm = getFragmentManager();
FragmentTransaction ft = fm.beginTransaction();

(2) 創建Fragment對象:創建需要加載的fragment,而后通過add或replace等方法實現動態加載。

2.2 簡單范例

布局:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    android:orientation="vertical"
    tools:context="io.github.joahyau.studying.DynamicFragmentActivity">

    <Button
        android:id="@+id/load"
        android:text="加載"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="80dp" />

    <LinearLayout
        android:id="@+id/container"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:orientation="horizontal" />
</LinearLayout>

Java:

public class DynamicFragmentActivity extends Activity {

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_dynamic_fragment);

        findViewById(R.id.load).setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View v) {
                //獲取事務管理器
                FragmentManager fragmentManager = getFragmentManager();
                FragmentTransaction fragmentTransaction = fragmentManager.beginTransaction();

                //創建fragment,並將其動態加載到id位container的布局中
                MyFragment myFragment = new MyFragment();
                fragmentTransaction.add(R.id.container, myFragment);
                //提交事務
                fragmentTransaction.commit();
            }
        });
    }
}

二、數據通信

3. Activity向Fragment傳遞數據

3.1 Activity向動態加載的Fragment傳遞數據

  (1)在Activity中獲取Fragment對象;

  (2)創建Bundle對象並傳入數據;

  (3)將Bundle對象傳遞給Fragment對象;

  (4)在Fragment中獲取Bundle對象並拆包得到數據。

范例:Activity中只有一個id為send的Button,MyFragment中只有一個TextView,這里就不再放布局代碼了。

Activity:

public class MainActivity extends Activity {

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

        findViewById(R.id.send).setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View v) {
                //創建Fragment對象
                MyFragment myFragment = new MyFragment();

                //創建Bundle對象並傳入數據
                Bundle bundle = new Bundle();
                bundle.putString("info", "這里是向Fragment傳遞的數據");
                myFragment.setArguments(bundle);

                //加載Fragment
                FragmentManager fragmentManager = getFragmentManager();
                FragmentTransaction beginTransaction = fragmentManager.beginTransaction();
                beginTransaction.add(R.id.layout, myFragment, "myfragment");
                beginTransaction.commit();
            }
        });
    }
}

Fragment:

public class MyFragment extends Fragment {

    @Override
    public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) {

        View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.my_fragment, container, false);
        TextView tv = (TextView) view.findViewById(R.id.text);

        //獲取數據
        String text = getArguments().get("info") + "";
        tv.setText(text);

        return view;
    }
}

3.2 Activity向靜態加載的Fragment傳遞數據

  (1)在Fragment中創建作為容器的數據對象,並創建getter和setter;

  (2)在Activity中獲取FragmentManager;

  (3)通過事務管理器的findFragmentById或findFragmentByTag方法,獲得fragment對象;

  (4)通過獲得的fragment對象調用容器的setter方法進行傳值。

范例:這里的布局與動態加載的布局唯一不同的就是將send按鈕放在了Fragment里面,其它相同。

Fragment:

public class MyFragment extends Fragment {

    private Button btn;
    private String received;//作為容器的對象

    @Override
    public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) {

        View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.my_fragment, container, false);
        TextView tv = (TextView) view.findViewById(R.id.text);
        tv.setText("這里是Fragment");

        btn = (Button) view.findViewById(R.id.send);
        btn.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View v) {
                Toast.makeText(getActivity(), "成功接收\"" + getReceived() + "\"", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
            }
        });

        return view;
    }

    public String getReceived() {
        return received;
    }

    public void setReceived(String received) {
        this.received = received;
    }
}

Activity:

public class MainActivity extends Activity {


    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

        FragmentManager fragmentManager = getFragmentManager();
        MyFragment myFragment = (MyFragment) fragmentManager.findFragmentById(R.id.my_fragment);
        myFragment.setReceived("this is a test.");
    }
}

4. Fragment向Activity傳遞數據

  (1)在Fragment中寫一個回調接口;

  (2)在activity中實現這個回調接口,實現的函數用於傳值;

  (3)重寫Fragment中onAttach,在其中創建一個接口對象,得到傳遞過來的activity(我的理解是這個接口其實相當於傳遞過來的activity的一個父類,這一步是用到了多態的特性);

  (4)用得到的接口對象進行傳值。

Fragment:

public class MyFragment extends Fragment {

    private SendData sendData;

    @Override
    public void onAttach(Activity activity) {
        super.onAttach(activity);
        //獲取實現的接口對象
        sendData = (SendData) activity;
    }

    @Override
    public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) {

        View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.my_fragment, container, false);
        TextView tv = (TextView) view.findViewById(R.id.text);
        tv.setText("這里是Fragment");

        //通過接口對象傳遞數據
        sendData.sendMsg("this is a test.");

        return view;
    }

    //定義一個回調接口
    public interface SendData{
        void sendMsg(String str);
    }
}

Activity:

public class MainActivity extends Activity implements MyFragment.SendData{

    private Button btn;

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
        btn = (Button) findViewById(R.id.send);

        btn.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View v) {
                MyFragment myFragment = new MyFragment();

                FragmentManager fragmentManager = getFragmentManager();
                FragmentTransaction beginTransaction = fragmentManager.beginTransaction();
                beginTransaction.add(R.id.layout, myFragment);
                beginTransaction.commit();
            }
        });
    }

    //實現SendData接口,接收數據
    @Override
    public void sendMsg(String str) {
        Toast.makeText(this, "成功接收\"" + str + "\"", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
    }
}


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