Python 開發簡單爬蟲 - 基礎框架


1. 目標:開發輕量級爬蟲(不包括需登陸的 和 Javascript異步加載的)

  不需要登陸的靜態網頁抓取

2. 內容:

  2.1 爬蟲簡介

  2.2 簡單爬蟲架構

  2.3 URL管理器

  2.4 網頁下載器(urllib2)

  2.5 網頁解析器(BeautifulSoup)

  2.6 完整實例:爬取百度百科Python詞條相關的1000個頁面數據

3. 爬蟲簡介:一段自動抓取互聯網信息的程序

  

  爬蟲價值:互聯網數據,為我所用。

  

4. 簡單爬蟲架構:

  

  運行流程:   

  

5. URL管理器:管理待抓取URL集合 和 已抓取URL集合

  - 防止重復抓取、防止循環抓取

  

  - 實現方式:

  

6. 網頁下載器:將互聯網URL對應的網頁下載到本地的工具

  

  - 分類:

  

  - urllib2 下載網頁的方法:

    1. 最簡潔方法: url ===> urllib2.urlopen(url)   

import urllib2

# 直接請求
response = urllib2.urlopen('http://www.baidu.com')

# 獲取狀態碼,如果是200表示獲取成功
print response.getcode()

# 讀取內容
cont = response.read()

    2. 添加data、http header: (url,data,header) ===> urllib2.Request ===> urllib2.urlopen(request)

import urllib2

# 創建Request對象
request = urllib2.Request(url)

# 添加數據
request.add_data('a', '1')

# 添加http的header
request.add_header('User-Agent', 'Mozilla/5.0')

# 發送請求獲取結果
response = urllib2.urlopen(request)

    3. 添加特殊情景的處理器:

       

import urllib2, cookielib

# 創建cookie容器
cj = cookielib.CookieJar()

# 創建1個opener
opener = urllib2.build_opener(urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor(cj))

# 給urllib2安裝opener
urllib2.install_opener(opener)

# 使用帶有cookie的urllib2訪問網頁
response = urllib2.urlopen(“http://www.baidu.com/”)

7. urllib2 實例代碼演示:

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Created on Tue Feb 14 10:31:06 2017

@author: Wayne
"""
import urllib2, cookielib

url = "http://www.baidu.com"

print "the 1st method"
response1 = urllib2.urlopen(url)
print response1.getcode()
print len(response1.read())

print "the 2nd method"
request = urllib2.Request(url)
request.add_header("user-agent", "Mozilla/5.0")
response2 = urllib2.urlopen(request)
print response2.getcode()
print len(response2.read())

print "the 3rd method"
cj = cookielib.CookieJar()
opener = urllib2.build_opener(urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor(cj))
response3 = urllib2.urlopen(url)
print response3.getcode()
print cj
print response3.read()

8. 網頁解析器:從網頁中提取有價值數據的工具

  

  python 的網頁解析器:

  

  結構化解析 - DOM ( Document Object Model) 樹:

  

9. 網頁解析器 - Beautiful Soup

  9.1 Beautiful Soup

    - Python 第三方庫,用於從HTML或XML中提取數據

    - 官網:http://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup

  9.2 安裝並測試 beautifulsoup4

    - 安裝:pip install beautifulsoup4

    - 測試:import bs4

  9.3 Beautiful Soup語法

    

    

  9.4 創建 BeautifulSoup 對象

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
# 根據 HTML 網頁字符串創建 BeautifulSoup 對象
soup = BeautifulSoup(
                     html_doc,                     # HTML文檔字符串
                     'html.parser'                  # HTML解析器
                     from_encoding='utf-8'     # HTML文檔的編碼
                     )

  9.5 搜索節點(find_all, find)

# 方法:find_all(name, attrs, string)
# 查找所有標簽為 a 的節點
soup.find_all('a')

# 查找所有標簽為 a,鏈接符合 /view/123.htm 形式的節點
soup.find_all('a', href='/view/123.htm')
soup.find_all('a', href=re.compiler(r'/view/\d+\.htm'))

# 查找所有標簽為div, class為abc,文字為Python的節點
soup.find_all('div', class_='abc', string='Python')

  9.6 訪問節點信息

# 得到節點: <a href='1.html'>Python</a>

# 獲取查找到的節點的標簽名稱
node.name

# 獲取查找到的a節點的href屬性
node['href']

# 獲取查找到的a節點的鏈接文字
node.get_text()

10. BeautifulSoup 實例測試

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Created on Tue Feb 14 11:00:42 2017

@author: Wayne
"""

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import re

html_doc = """
<html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>
<body>
<p class="title"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>

<p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
<a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1">Elsie</a>,
<a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and
<a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p>

<p class="story">...</p>
"""

soup = BeautifulSoup(html_doc, 'html.parser', from_encoding='urf-8')

print '\n## Get all the links'
links = soup.find_all('a')
for link in links:
    print link.name, link['href'], link.get_text()
    
    
print '\n## Get the links include "lacie"'
link_node = soup.find('a', href='http://example.com/lacie')
print link_node.name, link_node['href'], link_node.get_text()


print '\n## RE matching'
link_node = soup.find('a', href=re.compile(r"ill"))
print link_node.name, link_node['href'], link_node.get_text()


print '\n## Get "P" Paragraph Text'
p_node = soup.find('p', class_='title')
print p_node.name, p_node.get_text()

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

 


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