1. 目標:開發輕量級爬蟲(不包括需登陸的 和 Javascript異步加載的)
不需要登陸的靜態網頁抓取
2. 內容:
2.1 爬蟲簡介
2.2 簡單爬蟲架構
2.3 URL管理器
2.4 網頁下載器(urllib2)
2.5 網頁解析器(BeautifulSoup)
2.6 完整實例:爬取百度百科Python詞條相關的1000個頁面數據
3. 爬蟲簡介:一段自動抓取互聯網信息的程序
爬蟲價值:互聯網數據,為我所用。
4. 簡單爬蟲架構:
運行流程:
5. URL管理器:管理待抓取URL集合 和 已抓取URL集合
- 防止重復抓取、防止循環抓取
- 實現方式:
6. 網頁下載器:將互聯網URL對應的網頁下載到本地的工具
- 分類:
- urllib2 下載網頁的方法:
1. 最簡潔方法: url ===> urllib2.urlopen(url)
import urllib2 # 直接請求 response = urllib2.urlopen('http://www.baidu.com') # 獲取狀態碼,如果是200表示獲取成功 print response.getcode() # 讀取內容 cont = response.read()
2. 添加data、http header: (url,data,header) ===> urllib2.Request ===> urllib2.urlopen(request)
import urllib2 # 創建Request對象 request = urllib2.Request(url) # 添加數據 request.add_data('a', '1') # 添加http的header request.add_header('User-Agent', 'Mozilla/5.0') # 發送請求獲取結果 response = urllib2.urlopen(request)
3. 添加特殊情景的處理器:
import urllib2, cookielib # 創建cookie容器 cj = cookielib.CookieJar() # 創建1個opener opener = urllib2.build_opener(urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor(cj)) # 給urllib2安裝opener urllib2.install_opener(opener) # 使用帶有cookie的urllib2訪問網頁 response = urllib2.urlopen(“http://www.baidu.com/”)
7. urllib2 實例代碼演示:
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """ Created on Tue Feb 14 10:31:06 2017 @author: Wayne """ import urllib2, cookielib url = "http://www.baidu.com" print "the 1st method" response1 = urllib2.urlopen(url) print response1.getcode() print len(response1.read()) print "the 2nd method" request = urllib2.Request(url) request.add_header("user-agent", "Mozilla/5.0") response2 = urllib2.urlopen(request) print response2.getcode() print len(response2.read()) print "the 3rd method" cj = cookielib.CookieJar() opener = urllib2.build_opener(urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor(cj)) response3 = urllib2.urlopen(url) print response3.getcode() print cj print response3.read()
8. 網頁解析器:從網頁中提取有價值數據的工具
python 的網頁解析器:
結構化解析 - DOM ( Document Object Model) 樹:
9. 網頁解析器 - Beautiful Soup
9.1 Beautiful Soup
- Python 第三方庫,用於從HTML或XML中提取數據
- 官網:http://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup
9.2 安裝並測試 beautifulsoup4
- 安裝:pip install beautifulsoup4
- 測試:import bs4
9.3 Beautiful Soup語法
9.4 創建 BeautifulSoup 對象
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup # 根據 HTML 網頁字符串創建 BeautifulSoup 對象 soup = BeautifulSoup( html_doc, # HTML文檔字符串 'html.parser' # HTML解析器 from_encoding='utf-8' # HTML文檔的編碼 )
9.5 搜索節點(find_all, find)
# 方法:find_all(name, attrs, string) # 查找所有標簽為 a 的節點 soup.find_all('a') # 查找所有標簽為 a,鏈接符合 /view/123.htm 形式的節點 soup.find_all('a', href='/view/123.htm') soup.find_all('a', href=re.compiler(r'/view/\d+\.htm')) # 查找所有標簽為div, class為abc,文字為Python的節點 soup.find_all('div', class_='abc', string='Python')
9.6 訪問節點信息
# 得到節點: <a href='1.html'>Python</a> # 獲取查找到的節點的標簽名稱 node.name # 獲取查找到的a節點的href屬性 node['href'] # 獲取查找到的a節點的鏈接文字 node.get_text()
10. BeautifulSoup 實例測試
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """ Created on Tue Feb 14 11:00:42 2017 @author: Wayne """ from bs4 import BeautifulSoup import re html_doc = """ <html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head> <body> <p class="title"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p> <p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1">Elsie</a>, <a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and <a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>; and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p> <p class="story">...</p> """ soup = BeautifulSoup(html_doc, 'html.parser', from_encoding='urf-8') print '\n## Get all the links' links = soup.find_all('a') for link in links: print link.name, link['href'], link.get_text() print '\n## Get the links include "lacie"' link_node = soup.find('a', href='http://example.com/lacie') print link_node.name, link_node['href'], link_node.get_text() print '\n## RE matching' link_node = soup.find('a', href=re.compile(r"ill")) print link_node.name, link_node['href'], link_node.get_text() print '\n## Get "P" Paragraph Text' p_node = soup.find('p', class_='title') print p_node.name, p_node.get_text()