十分鍾-Nginx 入門到上線

轉載：https://gold.xitu.io/post/58846fceb123db7389d2b70e

前言

  由於微信小程序要使用Https，但是又不能修改已有線上的配置。所以最簡單的方法就是使用nginx轉發，在nginx上使用https，然后再轉發到內部服務器。Nginx由於其優良的性能。一台4核16GB的內存完全可以支撐日均百萬pv級別的訪問。

基礎知識

  Nginx由於使用了 epoll模型，要求linux的內核必須在2.6以上。要了解epoll模型，可以看看知乎上的這篇文章IO多路復用與 select，poll與epoll的關系。

  使用 uname -a 查看Linux 內核版本,如下是Centos 6.5的顯示：

Linux VM_26_145_centos 2.6.32-504.30.3.el6.x86_64 #1 SMP Wed Jul 15 10:13:09 UTC 2015 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

下載

  Nginx 的官網的下載地址：http://nginx.org/en/download.html。
  Nginx官網提供了三個類型的版本：

• Mainline version：Mainline 是 Nginx 目前主力在做的版本，可以說是開發版
• Stable version：最新穩定版，生產環境上建議使用的版本
• Legacy versions：遺留的老版本的穩定版

編譯與安裝

  nginx依賴以下模塊:

• gzip模塊需要 zlib 庫 及其開發環境
• rewrite模塊需要 pcre 庫及開發環境
• ssl 功能需要openssl庫及開發環境以及 yum install -y gcc-c++ 環境。

  以gzip 模塊為例，查看以下模塊是否安裝：

rpm -qa |grep zlib

  如果沒有安裝，那么就 yum install zlib zlib-devel。

  make是用來編譯的，它從Makefile中讀取指令，然后編譯。make install是用來安裝的，它也從Makefile中讀取指令，安裝到指定的位置。

最簡單的編譯安裝 Nginx

tar zxvf nginx-1.10.2.tar.gz
解壓以后進入到

  [root@VM_26_145_centos nginx-1.10.2]# ./configure
  [root@VM_26_145_centos nginx-1.10.2]# make
  [root@VM_26_145_centos nginx-1.10.2]# make install

  ./configure 是用來檢查本機的的安裝環境。在configure階段結束以后，將會出現如下信息：

Configuration summary
  + using system PCRE library
  + OpenSSL library is not used
  + md5: using system crypto library
  + sha1: using system crypto library
  + using system zlib library

  nginx path prefix: "/usr/local/nginx" nginx binary file: "/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx" nginx configuration prefix: "/usr/local/nginx/conf" nginx configuration file: "/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf" nginx pid file: "/usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid" nginx error log file: "/usr/local/nginx/logs/error.log" nginx http access log file: "/usr/local/nginx/logs/access.log" nginx http client request body temporary files: "client_body_temp" nginx http proxy temporary files: "proxy_temp" nginx http fastcgi temporary files: "fastcgi_temp" nginx http uwsgi temporary files: "uwsgi_temp" nginx http scgi temporary files: "scgi_temp"

可以看到默認的安裝目錄以及一些基本的配置。

啟動

  nginx默認采用80端口，在直接啟動nginx之前，先檢查80端口是否被占用,使用fuser -n tcp 80或者netstat -pan | grep :80查看80端口是否被占用。這里假設沒有被占用，然后進入 /usr/local/nginx(上文提到的默認安裝目錄)目錄：

  [root@VM_26_145_centos nginx]# sbin/nginx -c  conf/nginx.conf

  訪問：http://ip:80/就可以看到nginx的歡迎頁面。

nginx配置

在/usr/local/nginx/conf(默認配置)中，有一個nginx.conf文件。nginx.conf的代碼是這樣的：

# user  nobody;
worker_processes  1;

#error_log  logs/error.log;
#error_log  logs/error.log  notice;
#error_log  logs/error.log  info;

#pid        logs/nginx.pid;

events {
    worker_connections  1024;
}

http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    #log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
    #                  '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
    #                  '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
    #access_log  logs/access.log  main;
    sendfile        on;
    #tcp_nopush     on;
    #keepalive_timeout  0;
    keepalive_timeout  65;
    #gzip  on;
    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;
        #charset koi8-r;
        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;
        location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }
        #error_page  404              /404.html;
        # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
        #
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }
        # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    proxy_pass   http://127.0.0.1;
        #}
        # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    root           html;
        #    fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
        #    fastcgi_index  index.php;
        #    fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
        #    include        fastcgi_params;
        #}

        # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
        # concurs with nginx's one
        #
        #location ~ /\.ht {
        #    deny  all;
        #}
    }
    # another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       8000;
    #    listen       somename:8080;
    #    server_name  somename  alias  another.alias;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}

    # HTTPS server
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       443 ssl;
    #    server_name  localhost;

    #    ssl_certificate      cert.pem;
    #    ssl_certificate_key  cert.key;

    #    ssl_session_cache    shared:SSL:1m;
    #    ssl_session_timeout  5m;

    #    ssl_ciphers  HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
    #    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers  on;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}

}

   刪掉不必要的文件,基本文件類型是這個樣子：

# user  nobody;
worker_processes  1;
#error_log  logs/error.log;
#error_log  logs/error.log  notice;
#error_log  logs/error.log  info;
#pid        logs/nginx.pid;
events {
    worker_connections  1024;
}

http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;
    #log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
    #                  '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
    #                  '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
    #access_log  logs/access.log  main;
    sendfile        on;
    #tcp_nopush     on;
    #keepalive_timeout  0;
    keepalive_timeout  65;
    #gzip  on;

    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;        
        #charset koi8-r;
        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;
        location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }
    }

}

   注意到最頂上的日志配置嗎？在頂部設置的配置全局生效。但是子模塊可以覆蓋它。頂部日志配置：

    error_log  /disk/nginx/logs/error.log;
    accsess_log  去掉 mian  。 main 表示的用戶自定義的日志格式的名字。 目前並沒有設置。

假設開發人員改變了nginx.conf配置，測試nginx.conf是否合法：

[root@VM_220_53_centos nginx]# sbin/nginx  -t  -c conf/nginx.conf
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful

nginx配置文件架構的圖：

 

 

這里有詳細的配置。

###https

  在編譯階段需要附帶編譯上ssl模塊:./configure --with-http_ssl_module

限流

http://nginx.org/en/docs/http/ngx_http_limit_req_module.html

limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=perip:10m rate=1r/s; limit_req_zone $server_name zone=perserver:10m rate=10r/s; server { ... limit_req zone=perip burst=5 nodelay; limit_req zone=perserver burst=10; }

  注意在Http中配置以后需要在server中引入。
burst一秒中可以訪問的數據量。burst相當於一個授權令牌,每秒中每次查詢,當前burst-1,查詢結束,burst+1;
如果burst為0時,訪問不了。

public class TestNginx { @Test public void testMobileIsUsed() { for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) { HttpResponse response = HttpRequest.get("http://123.206.18.37:8088/").send(); if (response.statusCode() != 200) { assertEquals(1, 0); } System.out.println(response.bodyText()); } } }

  可以看到，基本上是1秒返回一次了。

實例配置：

#user  nobody;
worker_processes  1;
error_log  /disk/nginx/logs/error.log;
#error_log  logs/error.log  notice;
#error_log  logs/error.log  info;
pid        logs/nginx.pid;

events {
    worker_connections  2048;
}

http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;
    access_log  /disk/nginx/logs/host.access.log;
    sendfile        on;
    #tcp_nopush     on;
    #keepalive_timeout  0;
    keepalive_timeout  65;

    #gzip  on;
      limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=perip:10m rate=1r/s;
       limit_req_zone $server_name zone=perserver:10m rate=10r/s;
    # HTTPS server
    server {
        limit_req zone=perip burst=5 nodelay;//限流配置
        limit_req zone=perserver burst=10;
        listen 443;
        server_name mp.baidu.com;
        ssl on;
        ssl_certificate  1_mp.baidu.com_bundle.crt;
        ssl_certificate_key  2_mp.baidu.com.key;
        ssl_session_timeout 5m;
        ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2; 
        ssl_ciphers ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5:!RC4:!DHE;
        ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
        location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
            proxy_pass http://10.105.26.210;  //直接轉發
        }
    }

}