class MyTest:
myname = 'peter'
# add a instance attribute
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
# class access class attribute
def sayhello(self):
print "say hello to %s" % MyTest.myname
# instance can access class attribute
def sayhello_1(self):
print "say hello to %s" % self.myname
# It's a snap! instance can access instance attribute
def sayhello_2(self):
print "say hello to %s" % self.name
# class can not access instance attribute!!!
def sayhello_3(self):
#print "say hello to %s" % MyTest.name
pass
if __name__ == '__main__':
test = MyTest("abc")
test.sayhello()
test.sayhello_1()
test.sayhello_2()
test.sayhello_3()
# class's definition can be changed dynamically
MyTest.yourname = "Allen"
print MyTest.myname
print MyTest.yourname
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
class Foo:
def func(self):
print "object method"
@classmethod
def cfunc(cls):
print "class method"
@staticmethod
def sfunc(a, b):
print "static method:", a, " + ", b, "=", a + b
if __name__ == '__main__':
foo = Foo()
# instance method can be called by object and class name
foo.func()
Foo.func(foo)
# both instance and class can call class method
foo.cfunc()
Foo.cfunc()
# both instance and class can call static method
Foo.sfunc(10, 20)
foo.sfunc(50, 100)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
注:使用的是Python2.7。
一、實例方法
實例方法就是類的實例能夠使用的方法。如下:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def hi(self):
print self.name
if __name__ == '__main__':
foo01 = Foo('letian')
foo01.hi()
print type(Foo)
print type(foo01)
print id(foo01)
print id(Foo)
<type 'classobj'>
<type 'instance'>
40124704
31323448[code]
可以看到,Foo的type為classobj(類對象,python中定義的類本身也是對象),foo01的type為instance(實例)。而hi()是實例方法,所以foo01.hi()會輸出'letian'。實例方法的第一個參數默認為self,代指實例。self不是一個關鍵字,而是約定的寫法。init()是生成實例時默認調用的實例方法。將Foo的定義改為以下形式:
class Foo:
def __init__(this, name):
this.name = name
def hi(here):
print here.name
運行依然正確。 內置函數id用來查看對象的標識符,下面是其doc內容:
id(object) -> integer
Return the identity of an object. This is guaranteed to be unique among
simultaneously existing objects. (Hint: it's the object's memory address.)
二、靜態方法
靜態方法是一種普通函數,就位於類定義的命名空間中,它不會對任何實例類型進行操作。使用裝飾器@staticmethod定義靜態方法。類對象和實例都可以調用靜態方法:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def hi(self):
print self.name
@staticmethod
def add(a, b):
print a + b
if __name__ == '__main__':
foo01 = Foo('letian')
foo01.hi()
foo01.add(1,2)
Foo.add(1, 2)
3
3
三、類方法
類方法是將類本身作為對象進行操作的方法。類方法使用@classmethod裝飾器定義,其第一個參數是類,約定寫為cls。類對象和實例都可以調用類方法:
name = 'letian '
@classmethod
def hi(cls, x):
print cls.name * x
if __name__ == '__main__':
foo01 = Foo()
foo01.hi(2)
Foo.hi(3)
運行結果如下:
letian letian letian
注意,很多其他的編程語言不允許實例調用類方法。
四、super
super用來執行父類中的函數,例如:
def hi(self):
print 'hi,Foo'
class Foo2(Foo):
def hi(self):
super(Foo2, self).hi()
if __name__ == '__main__':
foo2 = Foo2()
foo2.hi()
運行結果:
注意,Foo類必須繼承某個類(並且這個繼承鏈開始於object類),否則會報錯。如果改成下面的形式:
def hi(self):
print 'hi,Foo'
class Foo2(Foo):
def hi(self):
super(Foo2, self).hi()
if __name__ == '__main__':
foo2 = Foo2()
foo2.hi()
運行時報錯如下:
TypeError: must be type, not classobj
關於super,具體請見http://docs.python.org/2/library/functions.html?highlight=super#super以及super.doc。
五、類變量和實例變量
類變量定義在類的定義之后,實例變量則是以為self.開頭。例如:
val = 0
def __init__(self):
self.val = 1
if __name__ == '__main__':
foo = Foo()
print foo.val
print Foo.val
運行結果為:
0
實例也能夠訪問類變量,如下:
val = 0
def __init__(self):
pass
if __name__ == '__main__':
foo = Foo()
print foo.val
print Foo.val
運行結果如下:
0
另外,可以通過以下方式訪問類變量:
val = 3
def __init__(self):
print self.__class__.val
if __name__ == '__main__':
foo = Foo()
運行結果:
還可以這樣:
val = 3
def __init__(self):
pass
@classmethod
def echo(cls):
print cls.val
if __name__ == '__main__':
Foo.echo()
運行結果:
六、如何調用父類的構造函數
子類(派生類)並不會自動調用父類(基類)的init方法,例如:
def __init__(self):
self.val = 1
class Foo2(Foo):
def __init__(self):
print self.val
if __name__ == '__main__':
foo2 = Foo2()
運行時報錯。
調用父類的init方法有兩種,第一種:
def __init__(self):
self.val = 1
class Foo2(Foo):
def __init__(self):
Foo.__init__(self) //類調用實例方法時,需要傳入self指代的實例
print self.val
if __name__ == '__main__':
foo2 = Foo2()
第二種:
def __init__(self):
self.val = 1
class Foo2(Foo):
def __init__(self):
super(Foo2, self).__init__()
print self.val
if __name__ == '__main__':
foo2 = Foo2()
這兩種方法的運行結果均為:
不過這兩種方法是有區別的。