44、class類：
一、類定義的一般形式：
1、簡單的形式：實例化對象沒有自己獨有的數據屬性。
>>> class fistclass():
... data1 = 'hello world' ### ==>這是類的數據屬性或類成員屬性。
... def printdata(self): ###==>這是類的方法，而且這里至少有一個參數self！！！
... print('nihao%s' %self.data1)
...
>>> class1 = fistclass() ##==>類實例化
>>> class1.
class1.__class__( class1.__format__( class1.__le__( class1.__reduce_ex__( class1.__weakref__
class1.__delattr__( class1.__ge__( class1.__lt__( class1.__repr__( class1.data1
class1.__dict__ class1.__getattribute__( class1.__module__ class1.__setattr__( class1.printdata(
class1.__dir__( class1.__gt__( class1.__ne__( class1.__sizeof__(
class1.__doc__ class1.__hash__( class1.__new__( class1.__str__(
class1.__eq__( class1.__init__( class1.__reduce__( class1.__subclasshook__(
>>> class1.data1 ##類數據屬性調用
'hello world'
>>> class1.printdata() ##類的方法的調用
nihaohello world
2、定義對象獨有的數據屬性：
>>> class seclass():
... data1 = 'hello seclass'
... def setdata(self,x):
... self.str1 = x
... def printdata(self):
... print(self.str1)
...
>>> ins1 = seclass()
>>> ins1.
ins1.__class__( ins1.__format__( ins1.__le__( ins1.__reduce_ex__( ins1.__weakref__
ins1.__delattr__( ins1.__ge__( ins1.__lt__( ins1.__repr__( ins1.data1
ins1.__dict__ ins1.__getattribute__( ins1.__module__ ins1.__setattr__( ins1.printdata(
ins1.__dir__( ins1.__gt__( ins1.__ne__( ins1.__sizeof__( ins1.setdata(
ins1.__doc__ ins1.__hash__( ins1.__new__( ins1.__str__(
ins1.__eq__( ins1.__init__( ins1.__reduce__( ins1.__subclasshook__(
>>> ins1.data1
'hello seclass'
>>> ins1.setdata('abc')
>>> ins1.printdata()
abc
>>> ins2 = seclass()
>>> ins2.data1
'hello seclass'
>>> ins2.setdata('xy')
>>> ins2.printdata()
xy
3、__init__()方法：
創建實例時，python會自動調用類中的__init__方法，以隱性的為實例提供屬性。
__init__稱之為構造器。
如果類中沒有定義__init__方法，則實例之初僅僅是創建一個簡單的名稱空間。
>>> class thirdclass():
... data3 = 'hello thirdclass'
... def __init__(self,who):
... self.name = who
...
>>> ins3 = thirdclass('lucy')
>>> ins3.
ins3.__class__( ins3.__format__( ins3.__le__( ins3.__reduce_ex__( ins3.__weakref__
ins3.__delattr__( ins3.__ge__( ins3.__lt__( ins3.__repr__( ins3.data3
ins3.__dict__ ins3.__getattribute__( ins3.__module__ ins3.__setattr__( ins3.name
ins3.__dir__( ins3.__gt__( ins3.__ne__( ins3.__sizeof__(
ins3.__doc__ ins3.__hash__( ins3.__new__( ins3.__str__(
ins3.__eq__( ins3.__init__( ins3.__reduce__( ins3.__subclasshook__(
>>> ins3.data3
'hello thirdclass'
>>> ins3.name
'lucy'
4、__dict__:
>>> ins3.__dict__ 實例的屬性
{'name': 'lucy'}
>>> thirdclass.__dict__ 類的屬性。
mappingproxy({'data3': 'hello thirdclass', '__init__': <function thirdclass.__init__ at 0x7f8e0a440ea0>, '__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'thirdclass' objects>, '__module__': '__main__', '__doc__': None, '__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'thirdclass' objects>})
5、類中的可用變量：
>>> class c1():
... var1 = 'hello c1' ###==>類的靜態變量！！！！
... def __init__(self,who):
... self.insdata = who ###==>實例變量。
... self.name = '123' ###==>局部變量：只屬於這個方法。
...
>>> ins1 = c1(12)
>>> ins1.
ins1.__class__( ins1.__format__( ins1.__le__( ins1.__reduce_ex__( ins1.__weakref__
ins1.__delattr__( ins1.__ge__( ins1.__lt__( ins1.__repr__( ins1.insdata
ins1.__dict__ ins1.__getattribute__( ins1.__module__ ins1.__setattr__( ins1.name
ins1.__dir__( ins1.__gt__( ins1.__ne__( ins1.__sizeof__( ins1.var1
ins1.__doc__ ins1.__hash__( ins1.__new__( ins1.__str__(
ins1.__eq__( ins1.__init__( ins1.__reduce__( ins1.__subclasshook__(
>>> ins1.name
'123'
>>> ins1.var1
'hello c1'
>>> ins1.insdata
12
6、類的繼承：python允許多重繼承，屬性搜索方法：從左往右，從下往上。
>>> class PClass(object):
... gender = 'male'
... def __init__(self,who):
... self.name = who
...
>>> class CClass(PClass):
... def displayinfo(self):
... print(self.gender,self.name)
...
>>> ins1 = CClass('lucy')
>>> ins1.
ins1.__class__( ins1.__format__( ins1.__le__( ins1.__reduce_ex__( ins1.__weakref__
ins1.__delattr__( ins1.__ge__( ins1.__lt__( ins1.__repr__( ins1.displayinfo(
ins1.__dict__ ins1.__getattribute__( ins1.__module__ ins1.__setattr__( ins1.gender
ins1.__dir__( ins1.__gt__( ins1.__ne__( ins1.__sizeof__( ins1.name
ins1.__doc__ ins1.__hash__( ins1.__new__( ins1.__str__(
ins1.__eq__( ins1.__init__( ins1.__reduce__( ins1.__subclasshook__(
>>> ins1.gender
'male'
>>> ins1.name
'lucy'
>>> ins1.displayinfo()
male lucy