Python開發【第十九篇】：Python操作MySQL

本篇對於Python操作MySQL主要使用兩種方式：

• 原生模塊 pymsql
• ORM框架 SQLAchemy

pymsql

pymsql是Python中操作MySQL的模塊，其使用方法和MySQLdb幾乎相同。

下載安裝

pip3 install pymysql

使用操作

1、執行SQL

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import pymysql
 
# 創建連接
conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='t1')
# 創建游標
cursor = conn.cursor()
 
# 執行SQL，並返回收影響行數
effect_row = cursor.execute("update hosts set host = '1.1.1.2'")
 
# 執行SQL，並返回受影響行數
#effect_row = cursor.execute("update hosts set host = '1.1.1.2' where nid > %s", (1,))
 
# 執行SQL，並返回受影響行數
#effect_row = cursor.executemany("insert into hosts(host,color_id)values(%s,%s)", [("1.1.1.11",1),("1.1.1.11",2)])
 
 
# 提交，不然無法保存新建或者修改的數據
conn.commit()
 
# 關閉游標
cursor.close()
# 關閉連接
conn.close()

2、獲取新創建數據自增ID

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import pymysql
 
conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='t1')
cursor = conn.cursor()
cursor.executemany("insert into hosts(host,color_id)values(%s,%s)", [("1.1.1.11",1),("1.1.1.11",2)])
conn.commit()
cursor.close()
conn.close()
 
# 獲取最新自增ID
new_id = cursor.lastrowid

3、獲取查詢數據

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import pymysql
 
conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='t1')
cursor = conn.cursor()
cursor.execute("select * from hosts")
 
# 獲取第一行數據
row_1 = cursor.fetchone()
 
# 獲取前n行數據
# row_2 = cursor.fetchmany(3)
# 獲取所有數據
# row_3 = cursor.fetchall()
 
conn.commit()
cursor.close()
conn.close()

注：在fetch數據時按照順序進行，可以使用cursor.scroll(num,mode)來移動游標位置，如：

• cursor.scroll(1,mode='relative')  # 相對當前位置移動
• cursor.scroll(2,mode='absolute') # 相對絕對位置移動

4、fetch數據類型

　　關於默認獲取的數據是元祖類型，如果想要或者字典類型的數據，即：

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import pymysql
 
conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='t1')
 
# 游標設置為字典類型
cursor = conn.cursor(cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor)
r = cursor.execute("call p1()")
 
result = cursor.fetchone()
 
conn.commit()
cursor.close()
conn.close()

    作業：
        參考表結構：
            用戶類型

            用戶信息

            權限

            用戶類型&權限
        功能：

            # 登陸、注冊、找回密碼
            # 用戶管理
            # 用戶類型
            # 權限管理
            # 分配權限

        特別的：程序僅一個可執行文件

SQLAchemy

SQLAlchemy是Python編程語言下的一款ORM框架，該框架建立在數據庫API之上，使用關系對象映射進行數據庫操作，簡言之便是：將對象轉換成SQL，然后使用數據API執行SQL並獲取執行結果。

安裝：

pip3 install SQLAlchemy

 

SQLAlchemy本身無法操作數據庫，其必須以來pymsql等第三方插件，Dialect用於和數據API進行交流，根據配置文件的不同調用不同的數據庫API，從而實現對數據庫的操作，如：

MySQL-Python
    mysql+mysqldb://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
  
pymysql
    mysql+pymysql://<username>:<password>@<host>/<dbname>[?<options>]
  
MySQL-Connector
    mysql+mysqlconnector://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
  
cx_Oracle
    oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]
  
更多詳見：http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/dialects/index.html

一、內部處理

使用 Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 進行數據庫操作，Engine使用ConnectionPooling連接數據庫，然后再通過Dialect執行SQL語句。

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
 
 
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5)
 
# 執行SQL
# cur = engine.execute(
#     "INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES ('1.1.1.22', 3)"
# )
 
# 新插入行自增ID
# cur.lastrowid
 
# 執行SQL
# cur = engine.execute(
#     "INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES(%s, %s)",[('1.1.1.22', 3),('1.1.1.221', 3),]
# )
 
 
# 執行SQL
# cur = engine.execute(
#     "INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES (%(host)s, %(color_id)s)",
#     host='1.1.1.99', color_id=3
# )
 
# 執行SQL
# cur = engine.execute('select * from hosts')
# 獲取第一行數據
# cur.fetchone()
# 獲取第n行數據
# cur.fetchmany(3)
# 獲取所有數據
# cur.fetchall()

二、ORM功能使用

使用 ORM/Schema Type/SQL Expression Language/Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 所有組件對數據進行操作。根據類創建對象，對象轉換成SQL，執行SQL。

1、創建表

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine

engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5)

Base = declarative_base()

# 創建單表
class Users(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'users'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(32))
    extra = Column(String(16))

    __table_args__ = (
    UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'),
        Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'extra'),
    )


# 一對多
class Favor(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'favor'
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    caption = Column(String(50), default='red', unique=True)


class Person(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'person'
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)
    favor_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("favor.nid"))


# 多對多
class Group(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'group'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
    port = Column(Integer, default=22)


class Server(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'server'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)


class ServerToGroup(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'servertogroup'
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('server.id'))
    group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('group.id'))


def init_db():
    Base.metadata.create_all(engine)


def drop_db():
    Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)

注：設置外檢的另一種方式 ForeignKeyConstraint(['other_id'], ['othertable.other_id'])

2、操作表

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine

engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5)

Base = declarative_base()

# 創建單表
class Users(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'users'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(32))
    extra = Column(String(16))

    __table_args__ = (
    UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'),
        Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'extra'),
    )

    def __repr__(self):
        return "%s-%s" %(self.id, self.name)

# 一對多
class Favor(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'favor'
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    caption = Column(String(50), default='red', unique=True)

    def __repr__(self):
        return "%s-%s" %(self.nid, self.caption)

class Person(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'person'
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)
    favor_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("favor.nid"))
    # 與生成表結構無關，僅用於查詢方便
    favor = relationship("Favor", backref='pers')

# 多對多
class ServerToGroup(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'servertogroup'
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('server.id'))
    group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('group.id'))
    group = relationship("Group", backref='s2g')
    server = relationship("Server", backref='s2g')

class Group(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'group'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
    port = Column(Integer, default=22)
    # group = relationship('Group',secondary=ServerToGroup,backref='host_list')


class Server(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'server'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)




def init_db():
    Base.metadata.create_all(engine)


def drop_db():
    Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)


Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()

• 增
  

  obj = Users(name="alex0", extra='sb')
  session.add(obj)
  session.add_all([
      Users(name="alex1", extra='sb'),
      Users(name="alex2", extra='sb'),
  ])
  session.commit()

• 刪
  

  session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).delete()
  session.commit()

• 改
  

  session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({"name" : "099"})
  session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({Users.name: Users.name + "099"}, synchronize_session=False)
  session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({"num": Users.num + 1}, synchronize_session="evaluate")
  session.commit()

• 查
  

  ret = session.query(Users).all()
  ret = session.query(Users.name, Users.extra).all()
  ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all()
  ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').first()
  
  ret = session.query(Users).filter(text("id<:value and name=:name")).params(value=224, name='fred').order_by(User.id).all()
  
  ret = session.query(Users).from_statement(text("SELECT * FROM users where name=:name")).params(name='ed').all()

• 其他
  

  #　條件
  ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all()
  ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 1, Users.name == 'eric').all()
  ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.between(1, 3), Users.name == 'eric').all()
  ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()
  ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()
  ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_(session.query(Users.id).filter_by(name='eric'))).all()
  from sqlalchemy import and_, or_
  ret = session.query(Users).filter(and_(Users.id > 3, Users.name == 'eric')).all()
  ret = session.query(Users).filter(or_(Users.id < 2, Users.name == 'eric')).all()
  ret = session.query(Users).filter(
      or_(
          Users.id < 2,
          and_(Users.name == 'eric', Users.id > 3),
          Users.extra != ""
      )).all()
  
  
  # 通配符
  ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name.like('e%')).all()
  ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.name.like('e%')).all()
  
  # 限制
  ret = session.query(Users)[1:2]
  
  # 排序
  ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc()).all()
  ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc(), Users.id.asc()).all()
  
  # 分組
  from sqlalchemy.sql import func
  
  ret = session.query(Users).group_by(Users.extra).all()
  ret = session.query(
      func.max(Users.id),
      func.sum(Users.id),
      func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).all()
  
  ret = session.query(
      func.max(Users.id),
      func.sum(Users.id),
      func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).having(func.min(Users.id) >2).all()
  
  # 連表
  
  ret = session.query(Users, Favor).filter(Users.id == Favor.nid).all()
  
  ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor).all()
  
  ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor, isouter=True).all()
  
  
  # 組合
  q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
  q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
  ret = q1.union(q2).all()
  
  q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
  q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
  ret = q1.union_all(q2).all()

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