今天做 Google的 Code Jam 上的一道題目:https://code.google.com/codejam/contest/351101/dashboard#s=p2,用Perl語言解答的。遇到一個關於hash遍歷的問題,思考了好一會兒才發現問題所在,為了簡化敘述,寫了一個簡單的遍歷哈希表的Perl程序如下:
1 #!/usr/bin/perl 2 my %hash=( 3 1=>"a", 4 2=>"b", 5 3=>"c", 6 4=>"d", 7 5=>"e", 8 6=>"f", 9 7=>"g", 10 8=>"h", 11 9=>"i", 12 0=>"j", 13 ); 14 for(keys %hash){ 15 print "$_ => $hash{$_}\n"; 16 } 17 my $times; 18 for(my $i=1;$i<=4;$i++){ 19 $times=0; 20 print "====================Loop No.$i:=====================\n"; 21 LOOP1: while(my ($key,$value)=each %hash){ 22 $times++; 23 print "\t'$key'=>'$value'\n"; 24 if ($times>=2){ 25 last LOOP1; 26 } 27 } 28 }
該程序 2 ~ 13 行先建立了一個哈希表,然后遍歷輸出這個哈希表。
接下來的 18 ~ 28 行,用 while 循環和哈希表的 each 函數遍歷該哈希表,用 for 循環控制遍歷四次,每次遍歷只遍歷兩個哈希表中的值。按照設想,這四次的遍歷應當輸出同樣的內容,但輸出如下:
6 => f 3 => c 7 => g 9 => i 2 => b 8 => h 1 => a 4 => d 0 => j 5 => e ====================Loop No.1:===================== '6'=>'f' '3'=>'c' ====================Loop No.2:===================== '7'=>'g' '9'=>'i' ====================Loop No.3:===================== '2'=>'b' '8'=>'h' ====================Loop No.4:===================== '1'=>'a' '4'=>'d'
由結果可以看出,這四次的輸出並非都是一樣的,這說明,用 while 循環 + each 函數遍歷哈希表的時候,如果提前跳出了while循環,那么下次再接着用 each 函數遍歷該哈希表的時候,會從上次已經遍歷過的關鍵字的下一個關鍵字處開始遍歷。
如果將 while 循環改成 for 或 foreach 循環呢?(Perl 中 for 和 foreach 其實是等價的):
1 #!/usr/bin/perl 2 my %hash=( 3 1=>"a", 4 2=>"b", 5 3=>"c", 6 4=>"d", 7 5=>"e", 8 6=>"f", 9 7=>"g", 10 8=>"h", 11 9=>"i", 12 0=>"j", 13 ); 14 for(keys %hash){ 15 print "$_ => $hash{$_}\n"; 16 } 17 my $times; 18 for(my $i=1;$i<=4;$i++){ 19 $times=0; 20 print "========== Loop No.$i ==========\n"; 21 foreach(my ($key,$value)=each %hash){ 22 $times++; 23 print "\t'$key'=>'$value' \tand times=$times\n"; 24 } 25 }
輸出結果如下:
6 => f 3 => c 7 => g 9 => i 2 => b 8 => h 1 => a 4 => d 0 => j 5 => e ========== Loop No.1 ========== '6'=>'f' and times=1 '6'=>'f' and times=2 ========== Loop No.2 ========== '3'=>'c' and times=1 '3'=>'c' and times=2 ========== Loop No.3 ========== '7'=>'g' and times=1 '7'=>'g' and times=2 ========== Loop No.4 ========== '9'=>'i' and times=1 '9'=>'i' and times=2
每次 foreach 循環會遍歷兩次,而且並沒有改變循環的關鍵字,有點奇怪啊...