Volley 是 Google 推出的輕量級 Android 異步網絡請求框架和圖片加載框架。在 Google I/O 2013 大會上發布。其適用場景是數據量小,通信頻繁的網絡操作。
(2). 一定程度符合 Http 規范,包括返回 ResponseCode(2xx、3xx、4xx、5xx)的處理,請求頭的處理,緩存機制的支持等。並支持重試及優先級定義。
(3). 默認 Android2.3 及以上基於 HttpURLConnection,2.3 以下基於 HttpClient 實現。
(4). 提供簡便的圖片加載工具。
創建RequestQueue很簡單,調用Volley類的靜態方法newRequestQueue,並指定Context即可:
private RequestQueue mQueue = null; // create request queue... mQueue = Volley.newRequestQueue(this);//this代表當前的上下文
String url = "http://192.168.56.1:8080"; StringRequest request = new StringRequest(url,new Response.Listener<String>() { @Override public void onResponse(String response)//success callbacks { //handle it } }, new Response.ErrorListener()//error callbacks { @Override public void onErrorResponse(VolleyError error) { error.printStackTrace(); } }); //add request to queue... mQueue.add(request);
Map<String,String> params = new HashMap<String,String>(); params.put("name","zhangsan"); params.put("age","17"); JSONObject jsonRequest = new JSONObject(params); Log.i(TAG,jsonRequest.toString()); //如果json數據為空則是get請求,否則是post請求 //如果jsonrequest不為null,volley會將jsonObject對象轉化為json字符串原封不動的發給服務器,並不會轉成k-v對,因為volley不知道應該如何轉化 String url = "http://192.168.56.1:8080/volley_test/servlet/JsonServlet"; JsonObjectRequest request = new JsonObjectRequest(url, jsonRequest, new Response.Listener<JSONObject>() { @Override public void onResponse(JSONObject response) { //handle it } },new Response.ErrorListener() { @Override public void onErrorResponse(VolleyError error) { error.printStackTrace(); } }); mQueue.add(request);
ImageRequest request = new ImageRequest("http://192.168.56.1:8080/volley_test/image.jpg",new Response.Listener<Bitmap>() { @Override public void onResponse(Bitmap response) { mImageView.setImageBitmap(response); } },0,0, Bitmap.Config.ARGB_8888,new Response.ErrorListener() {//參數0 0 代表不壓縮 @Override public void onErrorResponse(VolleyError error) { show(error.getMessage()); //可以去顯示默認圖片 } }); mQueue.add(request);
String url = "http://192.168.56.1:8080/volley_test/servlet/JsonServlet"; JsonObjectRequest request = new JsonObjectRequest(url, null,resplistener,errlistener) { //添加自定義請求頭 @Override public Map<String, String> getHeaders() throws AuthFailureError { Map<String,String> map = new HashMap<String,String>(); map.put("header1","header1_val"); map.put("header2","header2_val"); return map; } };
String url = "http://192.168.56.1:8080/volley_test/servlet/PostServlet"; StringRequest request = new StringRequest(Method.POST,url,listener, errorListener) { //post請求需要復寫getParams方法 @Override protected Map<String, String> getParams() throws AuthFailureError { Map<String,String> map = new HashMap<String,String>(); map.put("KEY1","value1"); map.put("KEY2", "value2"); return map; } };
Request req = ...; request.setTag("MAIN_ACTIVITY"); onDestroy() { ... mQueue.cancelAll("MAIN_ACTIVITY"); }
RequestQueue mQueue = ...; ImageCache mCache = ...; loader = new ImageLoader(mQueue,mImageCache); ImageListener listener = ImageLoader.getImageListener(mImageView/*關聯的iamgeView*/,R.drawable.ic_launcher/*圖片加載時顯示*/, R.drawable.task_icon/*圖片加載失敗時顯示*/); loader.get("http://192.168.56.1:8080/volley_test/image.jpg", listener, 0, 0);
public interface ImageCache { public Bitmap getBitmap(String url); public void putBitmap(String url, Bitmap bitmap); }
/** * @author Rowandjj *圖片緩存需要做成單例,全局共享 */ private static class LruImageCache implements ImageCache { private LruImageCache(){} private static LruImageCache instance = new LruImageCache(); public static final LruImageCache getInstance() { return instance; } private static final String TAG = "LruImageCache"; private final int maxSize = (int) (Runtime.getRuntime().maxMemory()/8); private LruCache<String,Bitmap> mCacheMap = new LruCache<String,Bitmap>(maxSize) { protected int sizeOf(String key, Bitmap value) { return value.getRowBytes()*value.getHeight(); } }; @Override public Bitmap getBitmap(String url) { Bitmap bitmap = mCacheMap.get(url); Log.i(TAG, "url = "+url+",cache:"+bitmap); return bitmap; } @Override public void putBitmap(String url, Bitmap bitmap) { Log.i(TAG, "put url = "+url); mCacheMap.put(url, bitmap); } }
<com.android.volley.toolbox.NetworkImageView android:id="@+id/niv" android:layout_width="0dp" android:layout_height="match_parent" android:layout_weight="1" > ImageLoader loader = ...; mNetImageView = findViewById(R.id.niv); mNetImageView.setDefaultImageResId(R.drawable.ic_launcher); mNetImageView.setErrorImageResId(R.drawable.task_icon); mNetImageView.setImageUrl("http://192.168.56.1:8080/volley_test/image.jpg", loader);
public class XMLRequest extends Request<XmlPullParser> { private Listener<XmlPullParser> mListener; public XMLRequest(int method, String url, Listener<XmlPullParser> listener, ErrorListener errorListener) { super(method, url, errorListener); mListener = listener; } public XMLRequest(String url, Listener<XmlPullParser> listener, ErrorListener errorListener) { this(Method.GET, url, listener, errorListener); } @Override protected Response<XmlPullParser> parseNetworkResponse(NetworkResponse response) { try { String xmlString = new String(response.data,HttpHeaderParser.parseCharset(response.headers)); XmlPullParser parser = Xml.newPullParser(); parser.setInput(new StringReader(xmlString));//將返回數據設置給解析器 return Response.success(parser,HttpHeaderParser.parseCacheHeaders(response)); } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) { return Response.error(new VolleyError(e)); } catch (XmlPullParserException e) { return Response.error(new VolleyError(e)); } } @Override protected void deliverResponse(XmlPullParser response) { mListener.onResponse(response); } }
使用方式:
/** * xmlRequest 使用示例 */ void test() { RequestQueue queue = Volley.newRequestQueue(context); String url = ""; XMLRequest request = new XMLRequest(url,new Response.Listener<XmlPullParser>() { @Override public void onResponse(XmlPullParser response) { int type = response.getEventType(); while(type != XmlPullParser.END_DOCUMENT) { switch (type) { case XmlPullParser.START_TAG: break; case XmlPullParser.END_TAG: break; default: break; } response.next(); } } },new Response.ErrorListener() { @Override public void onErrorResponse(VolleyError error) { } }); }
其實除了定制自己的Request,我們還可以定制好多東西,比如RequestQueue,參看RequestQueue的構造器:
public RequestQueue(Cache cache, Network network, int threadPoolSize, ResponseDelivery delivery)
//Volley.java public static RequestQueue newRequestQueue(Context context) { return newRequestQueue(context, null); }
調用另一個工廠方法:
//volley.java public static RequestQueue newRequestQueue(Context context, HttpStack stack) { File cacheDir = new File(context.getCacheDir(), DEFAULT_CACHE_DIR); ... ... if (stack == null) { if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 9) { stack = new HurlStack(); } else { // Prior to Gingerbread, HttpUrlConnection was unreliable. // See: http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2011/09/androids-http-clients.html stack = new HttpClientStack(AndroidHttpClient.newInstance(userAgent)); } } Network network = new BasicNetwork(stack); RequestQueue queue = new RequestQueue(new DiskBasedCache(cacheDir), network); queue.start(); return queue; }
//RequestQueue.java public RequestQueue(Cache cache, Network network) { this(cache, network, DEFAULT_NETWORK_THREAD_POOL_SIZE); }
指定默認線程池大小為4。
//RequestQueue.java public RequestQueue(Cache cache, Network network, int threadPoolSize) { this(cache, network, threadPoolSize, new ExecutorDelivery(new Handler(Looper.getMainLooper()))); } public RequestQueue(Cache cache, Network network, int threadPoolSize, ResponseDelivery delivery) { mCache = cache; mNetwork = network; mDispatchers = new NetworkDispatcher[threadPoolSize]; mDelivery = delivery; }
public void start() { stop(); // Make sure any currently running dispatchers are stopped. // Create the cache dispatcher and start it. mCacheDispatcher = new CacheDispatcher(mCacheQueue, mNetworkQueue, mCache, mDelivery); mCacheDispatcher.start(); // Create network dispatchers (and corresponding threads) up to the pool size. for (int i = 0; i < mDispatchers.length; i++) { NetworkDispatcher networkDispatcher = new NetworkDispatcher(mNetworkQueue, mNetwork, mCache, mDelivery); mDispatchers[i] = networkDispatcher; networkDispatcher.start(); } }
邏輯很簡單,創建了CacheDispatcher和4個NetworkDispatcher個對象,然后分別啟動之。這個CacheDispatcher和NetworkDispatcher都是Thread的子類,其中CacheDispatcher處理走緩存的請求,而4個NetworkDispatcher處理走網絡的請求。CacheDispatcher通過構造器注入了緩存請求隊列(mCacheQueue),網絡請求隊列(mNetworkQueue),硬盤緩存對象(DiskBasedCache),結果分發器(mDelivery)。之所以也注入網絡請求隊列是因為一部分緩存請求可能已經過期了,這時候需要重新從網絡獲取。NetworkDispatcher除了緩存請求隊列沒有注入,其他跟CacheDispatcher一樣。到這里RequestQueue的任務就完成了,以后有請求都會交由這些dispatcher線程處理。
public Request add(Request request) { // Tag the request as belonging to this queue and add it to the set of current requests. request.setRequestQueue(this); synchronized (mCurrentRequests) { mCurrentRequests.add(request); } // Process requests in the order they are added. request.setSequence(getSequenceNumber()); request.addMarker("add-to-queue"); // If the request is uncacheable, skip the cache queue and go straight to the network. if (!request.shouldCache()) { mNetworkQueue.add(request); return request; } // Insert request into stage if there's already a request with the same cache key in flight. synchronized (mWaitingRequests) { String cacheKey = request.getCacheKey(); if (mWaitingRequests.containsKey(cacheKey)) { // There is already a request in flight. Queue up. Queue<Request> stagedRequests = mWaitingRequests.get(cacheKey); if (stagedRequests == null) { stagedRequests = new LinkedList<Request>(); } stagedRequests.add(request); mWaitingRequests.put(cacheKey, stagedRequests); if (VolleyLog.DEBUG) { VolleyLog.v("Request for cacheKey=%s is in flight, putting on hold.", cacheKey); } } else { // Insert 'null' queue for this cacheKey, indicating there is now a request in // flight. mWaitingRequests.put(cacheKey, null); mCacheQueue.add(request); } return request; } }
通過這一方法,請求就被分發到兩個隊列中分別供CacheDispatcher和NetworkDispatcher處理。
CacheDispatcher.java#run @Override public void run() { if (DEBUG) VolleyLog.v("start new dispatcher"); Process.setThreadPriority(Process.THREAD_PRIORITY_BACKGROUND); // Make a blocking call to initialize the cache. mCache.initialize(); while (true) { try { // Get a request from the cache triage queue, blocking until // at least one is available. final Request request = mCacheQueue.take(); request.addMarker("cache-queue-take"); // If the request has been canceled, don't bother dispatching it. if (request.isCanceled()) { request.finish("cache-discard-canceled"); continue; } // Attempt to retrieve this item from cache. Cache.Entry entry = mCache.get(request.getCacheKey()); if (entry == null) { request.addMarker("cache-miss"); // Cache miss; send off to the network dispatcher. mNetworkQueue.put(request); continue; } // If it is completely expired, just send it to the network. if (entry.isExpired()) { request.addMarker("cache-hit-expired"); request.setCacheEntry(entry); mNetworkQueue.put(request); continue; } // We have a cache hit; parse its data for delivery back to the reques request.addMarker("cache-hit"); Response<?> response = request.parseNetworkResponse( new NetworkResponse(entry.data, entry.responseHeaders)); request.addMarker("cache-hit-parsed"); if (!entry.refreshNeeded()) { // Completely unexpired cache hit. Just deliver the response. mDelivery.postResponse(request, response); } else { // Soft-expired cache hit. We can deliver the cached response, // but we need to also send the request to the network for // refreshing. request.addMarker("cache-hit-refresh-needed"); request.setCacheEntry(entry); // Mark the response as intermediate. response.intermediate = true; // Post the intermediate response back to the user and have // the delivery then forward the request along to the network. mDelivery.postResponse(request, response, new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { try { mNetworkQueue.put(request); } catch (InterruptedException e) { // Not much we can do about this. } } }); } } catch (InterruptedException e) { // We may have been interrupted because it was time to quit. if (mQuit) { return; } continue; } } }
大體邏輯是這樣的,首先從隊列中取出請求,看其是否已被取消,若是則返回,否則繼續向下走。接着從硬盤緩存中通過緩存的鍵找到值(Cache.Entry),如果找不到,那么將此請求加入網絡請求隊列。否則對緩存結果進行過期判斷(這個需要請求的頁面指定了Cache-Control或者Last-Modified/Expires等字段,並且Cache-Control的優先級比Expires更高。否則請求一定是過期的),如果過期了,則加入網絡請求隊列。如果沒有過期,那么通過request.parseNetworkResponse方法將硬盤緩存中的數據封裝成Response對象(Request的parseNetworkResponse是抽象的,需要復寫)。最后進行新鮮度判斷,如果不需要刷新,那么調用ResponseDelivery結果分發器的postResponse分發結果。否則先將結果返回,再將請求交給網絡請求隊列進行刷新。【這段代碼讀起來很爽,google工程師寫的太贊了!】關於ResponseDelivery的具體過程我們留到下節講。
2.走網絡的請求
@Override public void run() { Process.setThreadPriority(Process.THREAD_PRIORITY_BACKGROUND); Request request; while (true) { try { // Take a request from the queue. request = mQueue.take(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { // We may have been interrupted because it was time to quit. if (mQuit) { return; } continue; } try { request.addMarker("network-queue-take"); // If the request was cancelled already, do not perform the // network request. if (request.isCanceled()) { request.finish("network-discard-cancelled"); continue; } // Tag the request (if API >= 14) if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.ICE_CREAM_SANDWICH) { TrafficStats.setThreadStatsTag(request.getTrafficStatsTag()); } // Perform the network request. NetworkResponse networkResponse = mNetwork.performRequest(request); request.addMarker("network-http-complete"); // If the server returned 304 AND we delivered a response already, // we're done -- don't deliver a second identical response. if (networkResponse.notModified && request.hasHadResponseDelivered()) { request.finish("not-modified"); continue; } // Parse the response here on the worker thread. Response<?> response = request.parseNetworkResponse(networkResponse); request.addMarker("network-parse-complete"); // Write to cache if applicable. // TODO: Only update cache metadata instead of entire record for 304s. if (request.shouldCache() && response.cacheEntry != null) { mCache.put(request.getCacheKey(), response.cacheEntry); request.addMarker("network-cache-written"); } // Post the response back. request.markDelivered(); mDelivery.postResponse(request, response); } catch (VolleyError volleyError) { parseAndDeliverNetworkError(request, volleyError); } catch (Exception e) { VolleyLog.e(e, "Unhandled exception %s", e.toString()); mDelivery.postError(request, new VolleyError(e)); } } }
這里的邏輯跟CacheDispatcher類似,也是構造Response對象,然后交由ResponseDelivery處理,但是這里的Response對象是通過NetworkResponse轉化的,而這個NetworkResponse是從網絡獲取的,這里最核心的一行代碼就是
NetworkResponse networkResponse = mNetwork.performRequest(request);
這個mNetwork是BasicNetwork對象,我們看其performRequest的實現:
public NetworkResponse performRequest(Request<?> request) throws VolleyError { long requestStart = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime(); while (true) { HttpResponse httpResponse = null; byte[] responseContents = null; Map<String, String> responseHeaders = new HashMap<String, String>(); try { // Gather headers. Map<String, String> headers = new HashMap<String, String>(); addCacheHeaders(headers, request.getCacheEntry()); httpResponse = mHttpStack.performRequest(request, headers); StatusLine statusLine = httpResponse.getStatusLine(); int statusCode = statusLine.getStatusCode(); responseHeaders = convertHeaders(httpResponse.getAllHeaders()); // Handle cache validation. if (statusCode == HttpStatus.SC_NOT_MODIFIED) { return new NetworkResponse(HttpStatus.SC_NOT_MODIFIED, request.getCacheEntry().data, responseHeaders, true); } // Some responses such as 204s do not have content. We must check. if (httpResponse.getEntity() != null) { responseContents = entityToBytes(httpResponse.getEntity()); } else { // Add 0 byte response as a way of honestly representing a // no-content request. responseContents = new byte[0]; } // if the request is slow, log it. long requestLifetime = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime() - requestStart; logSlowRequests(requestLifetime, request, responseContents, statusLine); if (statusCode < 200 || statusCode > 299) { throw new IOException(); } return new NetworkResponse(statusCode, responseContents, responseHeaders, false); } catch (SocketTimeoutException e) { attemptRetryOnException("socket", request, new TimeoutError()); } catch (ConnectTimeoutException e) { attemptRetryOnException("connection", request, new TimeoutError()); } catch (MalformedURLException e) { throw new RuntimeException("Bad URL " + request.getUrl(), e); } catch (IOException e) { int statusCode = 0; NetworkResponse networkResponse = null; if (httpResponse != null) { statusCode = httpResponse.getStatusLine().getStatusCode(); } else { throw new NoConnectionError(e); } VolleyLog.e("Unexpected response code %d for %s", statusCode, request.getUrl()); if (responseContents != null) { networkResponse = new NetworkResponse(statusCode, responseContents, responseHeaders, false); if (statusCode == HttpStatus.SC_UNAUTHORIZED || statusCode == HttpStatus.SC_FORBIDDEN) { attemptRetryOnException("auth", request, new AuthFailureError(networkResponse)); } else { // TODO: Only throw ServerError for 5xx status codes. throw new ServerError(networkResponse); } } else { throw new NetworkError(networkResponse); } } } }
這里最核心的是這一句:
httpResponse = mHttpStack.performRequest(request, headers);
它調用了HttpStack的performRequest,這個方法內部肯定會調用HttpURLConnection或者是HttpClient去請求網絡。這里我們就不必繼續向下跟源碼了。
public RequestQueue(Cache cache, Network network, int threadPoolSize) { this(cache, network, threadPoolSize, new ExecutorDelivery(new Handler(Looper.getMainLooper()))); }
ExecutorDelivery內部有個自定義Executor,它僅僅是封裝了Handler,所有待分發的結果最終會通過handler.post方法交給UI線程。
public ExecutorDelivery(final Handler handler) { // Make an Executor that just wraps the handler. mResponsePoster = new Executor() { @Override public void execute(Runnable command) { handler.post(command); } }; }
下面看我們最關心的postResponse方法:
@Override public void postResponse(Request<?> request, Response<?> response, Runnable runnable) { request.markDelivered(); request.addMarker("post-response"); mResponsePoster.execute(new ResponseDeliveryRunnable(request, response, runnable)); } @Override public void postResponse(Request<?> request, Response<?> response) { postResponse(request, response, null); }
最終執行的是ResponseDeliveryRunnable這個Runnable:
private class ResponseDeliveryRunnable implements Runnable { private final Request mRequest; private final Response mResponse; private final Runnable mRunnable; public ResponseDeliveryRunnable(Request request, Response response, Runnable runnable) { mRequest = request; mResponse = response; mRunnable = runnable; } @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") @Override public void run() { // If this request has canceled, finish it and don't deliver. if (mRequest.isCanceled()) { mRequest.finish("canceled-at-delivery"); return; } // Deliver a normal response or error, depending. if (mResponse.isSuccess()) { mRequest.deliverResponse(mResponse.result); } else { mRequest.deliverError(mResponse.error); } // If this is an intermediate response, add a marker, otherwise we're done // and the request can be finished. if (mResponse.intermediate) { mRequest.addMarker("intermediate-response"); } else { mRequest.finish("done"); } // If we have been provided a post-delivery runnable, run it. if (mRunnable != null) { mRunnable.run(); } } }
這里我們看到了request.deliverResponse被調用了,這個方法通常會回調Listener.onResponse。哈哈,到這里,整個volley框架的主線就看完了!讀到這里,我真是由衷覺得google工程師牛逼啊!
if (request.isCanceled()) { request.finish("network-discard-cancelled"); continue; }
如果請求取消就調用Request#finish,finish方法內部將調用與之綁定的請求隊列的finish方法,該方法內部會將請求對象在隊列中移除。
public void stop() { if (mCacheDispatcher != null) { mCacheDispatcher.quit(); } for (int i = 0; i < mDispatchers.length; i++) { if (mDispatchers[i] != null) { mDispatchers[i].quit(); } } }
XXXDispatcher的quit方法會修改mQuit變量並調用interrupt使線程拋Interrupt異常,而Dispatcher捕獲到異常后會判斷mQuit變量最終while循環結束,線程退出。
catch (InterruptedException e) { // We may have been interrupted because it was time to quit. if (mQuit) { return; } continue; }
public ImageContainer get(String requestUrl, ImageListener imageListener, int maxWidth, int maxHeight) { ... final String cacheKey = getCacheKey(requestUrl, maxWidth, maxHeight); // Try to look up the request in the cache of remote images. Bitmap cachedBitmap = mCache.getBitmap(cacheKey); if (cachedBitmap != null) { // Return the cached bitmap. ImageContainer container = new ImageContainer(cachedBitmap, requestUrl, null, null); imageListener.onResponse(container, true); return container; } ... Request<?> newRequest = new ImageRequest(requestUrl, new Listener<Bitmap>() { @Override public void onResponse(Bitmap response) { onGetImageSuccess(cacheKey, response); } }, maxWidth, maxHeight, Config.RGB_565, new ErrorListener() { @Override public void onErrorResponse(VolleyError error) { onGetImageError(cacheKey, error); } }); mRequestQueue.add(newRequest); mInFlightRequests.put(cacheKey, new BatchedImageRequest(newRequest, imageContainer)); return imageContainer; }
Servlet#doPost/doGet() /*設置緩存*/ resp.setDateHeader("Last-Modified",System.currentTimeMillis()); resp.setDateHeader("Expires", System.currentTimeMillis()+10*1000*60); resp.setHeader("Cache-Control","max-age=10000"); resp.setHeader("Pragma","Pragma");
Cache-Control字段的優先級高於Expires。這個可以從HttpHeaderParser#parseCacheHeaders方法中看到。
public static Cache.Entry parseCacheHeaders(NetworkResponse response) { long now = System.currentTimeMillis(); Map<String, String> headers = response.headers; long serverDate = 0; long serverExpires = 0; long softExpire = 0; long maxAge = 0; boolean hasCacheControl = false; String serverEtag = null; String headerValue; headerValue = headers.get("Date"); if (headerValue != null) { serverDate = parseDateAsEpoch(headerValue); } headerValue = headers.get("Cache-Control"); if (headerValue != null) { hasCacheControl = true; String[] tokens = headerValue.split(","); for (int i = 0; i < tokens.length; i++) { String token = tokens[i].trim(); if (token.equals("no-cache") || token.equals("no-store")) { return null; } else if (token.startsWith("max-age=")) { try { maxAge = Long.parseLong(token.substring(8)); } catch (Exception e) { } } else if (token.equals("must-revalidate") || token.equals("proxy-revalidate")) { maxAge = 0; } } } headerValue = headers.get("Expires"); if (headerValue != null) { serverExpires = parseDateAsEpoch(headerValue); } serverEtag = headers.get("ETag"); // Cache-Control takes precedence over an Expires header, even if both exist and Expires // is more restrictive. if (hasCacheControl) { softExpire = now + maxAge * 1000; } else if (serverDate > 0 && serverExpires >= serverDate) { // Default semantic for Expire header in HTTP specification is softExpire. softExpire = now + (serverExpires - serverDate); } Cache.Entry entry = new Cache.Entry(); entry.data = response.data; entry.etag = serverEtag; entry.softTtl = softExpire; entry.ttl = entry.softTtl; entry.serverDate = serverDate; entry.responseHeaders = headers; return entry; }
這個方法是由Request子類的parseNetworkResponse方法調用的:
Response.success(parsed, HttpHeaderParser.parseCacheHeaders(response))
下面這幅圖也很好: