數據庫表有NOT NULL,DEFAULT,CHECK,UNIQUE,PRIMARY KEY,FOREIGN KEY六種約束。
一、NOT NULL ---- 非空約束
NULL表示沒有數據,不表示具體的數值,所以在數據庫中NULL是不等於NULL的。判斷表中的一個單元格是不是NULL使用的是IS NULL或者IS NOT NULL,而不是=NULL或者!=NULL,當一個字段設置NOT NULL約束后,INSERT時必須給該字段賦值,否則拒絕寫入。在一些程序語言(如C)查詢結果中出現NULL有可能會直接作為空指針,如果使用不當,會直接導致程序崩潰。所以一個字段要盡可能的設置NOT NULL約束,或者DEFAULT約束,當然OUTER JOIN的結果也有可能引入NULL,所以開發過程中要盡可能的做好保護。
1.設置NOT NULL約束的字段INSERT必須賦值,沒有NOT NULL約束的字段INSERT沒有賦值,會自動填充NULL。
/* postgres=# create database test with template = template0 encoding='UTF8' lc_collate='C' lc_ctype='C'; CREATE DATABASE postgres=# postgres=# postgres=# postgres=# \c test You are now connected to database "test" as user "postgres". test=# create table tbl_null (a int not null,b varchar(12)); CREATE TABLE test=# insert into tbl_null (a,b) values(1,'1'); INSERT 0 1 test=# insert into tbl_null (a) values(2); INSERT 0 1 test=# insert into tbl_null (b) values('3'); ERROR: null value in column "a" violates not-null constraint DETAIL: Failing row contains (null, 3). test=# select * from tbl_null; a | b ---+--- 1 | 1 2 | (2 rows) */
2.NOT NULL約束增加
已存在的字段設置NOT NULL約束前必須先刪除為NULL的數據行。
/* test=# alter table tbl_null alter COLUMN b set not null; ERROR: column "b" contains null values test=# delete from tbl_null where b is null; DELETE 1 test=# alter table tbl_null alter COLUMN b set not null; ALTER TABLE test=# \d tbl_null Table "public.tbl_null" Column | Type | Modifiers --------+-----------------------+----------- a | integer | not null b | character varying(12) | not null test=# select * from tbl_null ; a | b ---+--- 1 | 1 (1 row) */
3.刪除NOT NULL約束
/* test=# alter table tbl_null alter COLUMN b drop not null; ALTER TABLE test=# \d tbl_null Table "public.tbl_null" Column | Type | Modifiers --------+-----------------------+----------- a | integer | not null b | character varying(12) | */
二、DEFAULT ---- 默認值
INSERT沒有賦值的字段默認填充NULL(前提是該字段沒有NOT NULL約束),設置DEFAULT默認值,INSERT沒有賦值會默認填充該默認值。尤其是設置NOT NULL約束的字段,如果給定一個DEFAULT約束,即使INSERT沒有給字段賦值也不會出錯。
1.設置DEFAULT約束,既可以在創建表時直接設置,也可以在創建表后修改字段,字段新增默認值約束可以不用考慮已有數據。
/* test=# create table tbl_default(a int not null,b varchar(12) not null default 'try me'); CREATE TABLE test=# \d tbl_default Table "public.tbl_default" Column | Type | Modifiers --------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------------- a | integer | not null b | character varying(12) | not null default 'try me'::character varying test=# drop table tbl_default ; DROP TABLE test=# create table tbl_default(a int not null,b varchar(12) not null); CREATE TABLE test=# alter table tbl_default alter COLUMN b set default 'try me'; ALTER TABLE test=# \d tbl_default Table "public.tbl_default" Column | Type | Modifiers --------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------------- a | integer | not null b | character varying(12) | not null default 'try me'::character varying */
2.INSERT時賦值使用賦值填充,否則使用默認值填充。
/* test=# insert into tbl_default (a,b) values(1,'aloha'); INSERT 0 1 test=# insert into tbl_default (a) values(2); INSERT 0 1 test=# select * from tbl_default ; a | b ---+-------- 1 | aloha 2 | try me (2 rows) */
3.默認值約束的修改與刪除,修改默認值直接新設置一個默認值即可。
/* test=# alter table tbl_default alter COLUMN b set default 'my god'; ALTER TABLE test=# \d tbl_default Table "public.tbl_default" Column | Type | Modifiers --------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------------- a | integer | not null b | character varying(12) | not null default 'my god'::character varying test=# alter table tbl_default alter COLUMN b drop default; ALTER TABLE test=# \d tbl_default Table "public.tbl_default" Column | Type | Modifiers --------+-----------------------+----------- a | integer | not null b | character varying(12) | not null */
三、CHECK ---- 檢查約束
INSERT,UPDATE時檢查字段值是否滿足CHECK條件,若不滿足則拒絕寫入。
1.CHECK約束的設置
/* test=# create table tbl_check(a int not null check (a>0),b varchar(12) not null check (b in ('ab','Ab','aB','AB'))); CREATE TABLE test=# drop table tbl_check ; DROP TABLE test=# create table tbl_check test-# ( test(# a int not null, test(# b varchar(12) not null, test(# constraint ck_tbl_check_a check (a > 0), test(# constraint ck_tbl_check_b check (b in ('ab','aB','Ab','AB')) test(# ); CREATE TABLE test=# create table tbl_check ( a int not null, b varchar(12) not null); CREATE TABLE test=# alter table tbl_check add constraint ck_tbl_check_a check (a > 0); ALTER TABLE test=# alter table tbl_check add constraint ck_tbl_check_b check (b in ('ab','aB','Ab','AB')); ALTER TABLE test=# \d tbl_check Table "public.tbl_check" Column | Type | Modifiers --------+-----------------------+----------- a | integer | not null b | character varying(12) | not null Check constraints: "ck_tbl_check_a" CHECK (a > 0) "ck_tbl_check_b" CHECK (b::text = ANY (ARRAY['ab'::character varying, 'aB'::character varying, 'Ab'::character varying, 'AB'::character varying]::text[])) */
2.以上表tbl_check為例,INSERT時a的值必須是大於0的整數,b的值只能在'ab','aB','Ab','AB'范圍內。
/* test=# insert into tbl_check (a,b) values(1,'ab'); INSERT 0 1 test=# insert into tbl_check (a,b) values(-1,'ab'); ERROR: new row for relation "tbl_check" violates check constraint "ck_tbl_check_a" DETAIL: Failing row contains (-1, ab). test=# insert into tbl_check (a,b) values(1,'ac'); ERROR: new row for relation "tbl_check" violates check constraint "ck_tbl_check_b" DETAIL: Failing row contains (1, ac). */
3.CHECK約束的刪除
/* test=# alter table tbl_check drop constraint ck_tbl_check_a; ALTER TABLE test=# insert into tbl_check (a,b) values(-1,'ab'); INSERT 0 1 */
4.CHECK約束的增加
新增CHECK約束必須首先刪除已存在的不滿足約束的數據
/* test=# alter table tbl_check add constraint ck_tbl_check_a check (a > 0); ERROR: check constraint "ck_tbl_check_a" is violated by some row test=# delete from tbl_check where a <= 0; DELETE 1 test=# alter table tbl_check add constraint ck_tbl_check_a check (a > 0); ALTER TABLE */