rpm參數解釋
-i 安裝
-h 解壓rpm的時候打印50個斜條 (#)
-v 顯示詳細信息
升級命令
rpm -Uvh rpm文件名
參數解釋
-U 升級
-h 解壓rpm的時候打印50個斜條 (#)
-v 顯示詳細信息
-q 在系統中查詢軟件或查詢指定rpm包的內容信息
-i 在系統中安裝軟件
-U 在系統中升級軟件
-e 在系統中卸載軟件
-h 用#(hash)符顯示rpm安裝過程
-v 詳述安裝過程
-p 表明對RPM包進行查詢，通常和其它參數同時使用，如：
-qlp 查詢某個RPM包中的所有文件列表
-qip 查詢某個RPM包的內容信息
i 表示info，獲得軟件包的信息；
l 表示list，獲得文件列表；
a 表示all，在所有包中執行查詢；
f 表示file，根據文件進行相關的查詢；
p 表示package，根據軟件包進行查詢
// *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
例子：
手動安裝 libGL-devel
1、
命令安裝"yum install libGL-devel"，顯示信息：
[root@CentOS6 ~]# yum install libGL-devel Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security base | 3.7 kB 00:00 base/primary_db | 3.6 MB 00:25 extras | 3.4 kB 00:00 extras/primary_db | 30 kB 00:00 updates | 3.4 kB 00:00 updates/primary_db | 3.7 MB 00:42 Setting up Install Process Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package mesa-libGL-devel.i686 0:10.4.3-1.el6 will be installed --> Processing Dependency: mesa-libGL = 10.4.3-1.el6 for package: mesa-libGL-devel-10.4.3-1.el6.i686 --> Processing Dependency: pkgconfig(libdrm) >= 2.4.38 for package: mesa-libGL-devel-10.4.3-1.el6.i686 --> Processing Dependency: pkgconfig(xxf86vm) for package: mesa-libGL-devel-10.4.3-1.el6.i686 --> Processing Dependency: pkgconfig(xdamage) for package: mesa-libGL-devel-10.4.3-1.el6.i686 --> Running transaction check ---> Package libXdamage-devel.i686 0:1.1.3-4.el6 will be installed ---> Package libXxf86vm-devel.i686 0:1.1.3-2.1.el6 will be installed --> Processing Dependency: libXxf86vm = 1.1.3-2.1.el6 for package: libXxf86vm-devel-1.1.3-2.1.el6.i686 ---> Package libdrm-devel.i686 0:2.4.59-2.el6 will be installed --> Processing Dependency: libdrm = 2.4.59-2.el6 for package: libdrm-devel-2.4.59-2.el6.i686 ---> Package mesa-libGL.i686 0:9.0-0.7.el6 will be updated ---> Package mesa-libGL.i686 0:10.4.3-1.el6 will be an update --> Processing Dependency: mesa-dri-drivers(x86-32) = 10.4.3-1.el6 for package: mesa-libGL-10.4.3-1.el6.i686 --> Processing Dependency: libX11 > 1.6 for package: mesa-libGL-10.4.3-1.el6.i686 --> Running transaction check ---> Package libX11.i686 0:1.5.0-4.el6 will be updated --> Processing Dependency: libX11 = 1.5.0-4.el6 for package: libX11-devel-1.5.0-4.el6.i686 ---> Package libX11.i686 0:1.6.0-6.el6 will be an update --> Processing Dependency: libX11-common = 1.6.0-6.el6 for package: libX11-1.6.0-6.el6.i686 ---> Package libXxf86vm.i686 0:1.1.2-2.el6 will be updated ---> Package libXxf86vm.i686 0:1.1.3-2.1.el6 will be an update ---> Package libdrm.i686 0:2.4.39-1.el6 will be updated ---> Package libdrm.i686 0:2.4.59-2.el6 will be an update ---> Package mesa-dri-drivers.i686 0:9.0-0.7.el6 will be updated ---> Package mesa-dri-drivers.i686 0:10.4.3-1.el6 will be an update --> Processing Dependency: libLLVM-3.4-mesa.so(libLLVM-3.4-mesa.so) for package: mesa-dri-drivers-10.4.3-1.el6.i686 --> Processing Dependency: libLLVM-3.4-mesa.so for package: mesa-dri-drivers-10.4.3-1.el6.i686 --> Running transaction check ---> Package libX11-common.noarch 0:1.5.0-4.el6 will be updated ---> Package libX11-common.noarch 0:1.6.0-6.el6 will be an update ---> Package libX11-devel.i686 0:1.5.0-4.el6 will be updated ---> Package libX11-devel.i686 0:1.6.0-6.el6 will be an update ---> Package mesa-private-llvm.i686 0:3.4-3.el6 will be installed --> Processing Conflict: libX11-1.6.0-6.el6.i686 conflicts libxcb < 1.9.1-3 --> Restarting Dependency Resolution with new changes. --> Running transaction check ---> Package libxcb.i686 0:1.8.1-1.el6 will be updated --> Processing Dependency: libxcb = 1.8.1-1.el6 for package: libxcb-devel-1.8.1-1.el6.i686 ---> Package libxcb.i686 0:1.9.1-3.el6 will be an update --> Running transaction check ---> Package libxcb-devel.i686 0:1.8.1-1.el6 will be updated ---> Package libxcb-devel.i686 0:1.9.1-3.el6 will be an update --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ================================================================================ Package Arch Version Repository Size ================================================================================ Installing: mesa-libGL-devel i686 10.4.3-1.el6 base 495 k Updating: libxcb i686 1.9.1-3.el6 base 115 k Installing for dependencies: libXdamage-devel i686 1.1.3-4.el6 base 9.3 k libXxf86vm-devel i686 1.1.3-2.1.el6 base 18 k libdrm-devel i686 2.4.59-2.el6 base 88 k mesa-private-llvm i686 3.4-3.el6 base 5.9 M Updating for dependencies: libX11 i686 1.6.0-6.el6 base 593 k libX11-common noarch 1.6.0-6.el6 base 192 k libX11-devel i686 1.6.0-6.el6 base 983 k libXxf86vm i686 1.1.3-2.1.el6 base 16 k libdrm i686 2.4.59-2.el6 base 127 k libxcb-devel i686 1.9.1-3.el6 base 1.0 M mesa-dri-drivers i686 10.4.3-1.el6 base 14 M mesa-libGL i686 10.4.3-1.el6 base 164 k Transaction Summary ================================================================================ Install 5 Package(s) Upgrade 9 Package(s) Total download size: 23 M Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: (1/14): libX11-1.6.0-6.el6.i686.rpm | 593 kB 00:04 (2/14): libX11-common-1.6.0-6.el6.noarch.rpm | 192 kB 00:01 (3/14): libX11-devel-1.6.0-6.el6.i686.rpm | 983 kB 00:06 (4/14): libXdamage-devel-1.1.3-4.el6.i686.rpm | 9.3 kB 00:00 (5/14): libXxf86vm-1.1.3-2.1.el6.i686.rpm | 16 kB 00:00 (6/14): libXxf86vm-devel-1.1.3-2.1.el6.i686.rpm | 18 kB 00:00 (7/14): libdrm-2.4.59-2.el6.i686.rpm | 127 kB 00:01 (8/14): libdrm-devel-2.4.59-2.el6.i686.rpm | 88 kB 00:00 (9/14): libxcb-1.9.1-3.el6.i686.rpm | 115 kB 00:00 (10/14): libxcb-devel-1.9.1-3.el6.i686.rpm | 1.0 MB 00:07 (11/14): mesa-dri-drivers-10.4.3-1.el6.i686.rpm | 14 MB 01:38 (12/14): mesa-libGL-10.4.3-1.el6.i686.rpm | 164 kB 00:01 (13/14): mesa-libGL-devel-10.4.3-1.el6.i686.rpm | 495 kB 00:03 (14/14): mesa-private-llvm-3.4-3.el6.i686.rpm | 5.9 MB 00:41 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 138 kB/s | 23 MB 02:54 warning: rpmts_HdrFromFdno: Header V3 RSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID c105b9de: NOKEY Retrieving key from file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6 Importing GPG key 0xC105B9DE: Userid : CentOS-6 Key (CentOS 6 Official Signing Key) <centos-6-key@centos.org> Package: centos-release-6-4.el6.centos.10.i686 (@anaconda-CentOS-201303020136.i386/6.4) From : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6 Is this ok [y/N]: y Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Updating : libdrm-2.4.59-2.el6.i686 1/23 Updating : libxcb-1.9.1-3.el6.i686 2/23 Updating : libxcb-devel-1.9.1-3.el6.i686 3/23 Installing : libdrm-devel-2.4.59-2.el6.i686 4/23 Updating : libX11-common-1.6.0-6.el6.noarch 5/23 Updating : libX11-1.6.0-6.el6.i686 6/23 Updating : libX11-devel-1.6.0-6.el6.i686 7/23 Updating : libXxf86vm-1.1.3-2.1.el6.i686 8/23 Installing : libXxf86vm-devel-1.1.3-2.1.el6.i686 9/23 Installing : libXdamage-devel-1.1.3-4.el6.i686 10/23 Installing : mesa-private-llvm-3.4-3.el6.i686 11/23 Updating : mesa-dri-drivers-10.4.3-1.el6.i686 12/23 Updating : mesa-libGL-10.4.3-1.el6.i686 13/23 Installing : mesa-libGL-devel-10.4.3-1.el6.i686 14/23 Cleanup : mesa-libGL-9.0-0.7.el6.i686 15/23 Cleanup : libX11-devel-1.5.0-4.el6.i686 16/23 Cleanup : libxcb-devel-1.8.1-1.el6.i686 17/23 Cleanup : libXxf86vm-1.1.2-2.el6.i686 18/23 Cleanup : libX11-1.5.0-4.el6.i686 19/23 Cleanup : mesa-dri-drivers-9.0-0.7.el6.i686 20/23 Cleanup : libdrm-2.4.39-1.el6.i686 21/23 Cleanup : libX11-common-1.5.0-4.el6.noarch 22/23 Cleanup : libxcb-1.8.1-1.el6.i686 23/23 Verifying : libXxf86vm-1.1.3-2.1.el6.i686 1/23 Verifying : libxcb-1.9.1-3.el6.i686 2/23 Verifying : libXxf86vm-devel-1.1.3-2.1.el6.i686 3/23 Verifying : mesa-dri-drivers-10.4.3-1.el6.i686 4/23 Verifying : mesa-private-llvm-3.4-3.el6.i686 5/23 Verifying : libX11-1.6.0-6.el6.i686 6/23 Verifying : libXdamage-devel-1.1.3-4.el6.i686 7/23 Verifying : libX11-common-1.6.0-6.el6.noarch 8/23 Verifying : mesa-libGL-devel-10.4.3-1.el6.i686 9/23 Verifying : libX11-devel-1.6.0-6.el6.i686 10/23 Verifying : libxcb-devel-1.9.1-3.el6.i686 11/23 Verifying : mesa-libGL-10.4.3-1.el6.i686 12/23 Verifying : libdrm-devel-2.4.59-2.el6.i686 13/23 Verifying : libdrm-2.4.59-2.el6.i686 14/23 Verifying : mesa-dri-drivers-9.0-0.7.el6.i686 15/23 Verifying : libxcb-1.8.1-1.el6.i686 16/23 Verifying : libXxf86vm-1.1.2-2.el6.i686 17/23 Verifying : libdrm-2.4.39-1.el6.i686 18/23 Verifying : mesa-libGL-9.0-0.7.el6.i686 19/23 Verifying : libX11-devel-1.5.0-4.el6.i686 20/23 Verifying : libX11-common-1.5.0-4.el6.noarch 21/23 Verifying : libX11-1.5.0-4.el6.i686 22/23 Verifying : libxcb-devel-1.8.1-1.el6.i686 23/23 Installed: mesa-libGL-devel.i686 0:10.4.3-1.el6 Dependency Installed: libXdamage-devel.i686 0:1.1.3-4.el6 libXxf86vm-devel.i686 0:1.1.3-2.1.el6 libdrm-devel.i686 0:2.4.59-2.el6 mesa-private-llvm.i686 0:3.4-3.el6 Updated: libxcb.i686 0:1.9.1-3.el6 Dependency Updated: libX11.i686 0:1.6.0-6.el6 libX11-common.noarch 0:1.6.0-6.el6 libX11-devel.i686 0:1.6.0-6.el6 libXxf86vm.i686 0:1.1.3-2.1.el6 libdrm.i686 0:2.4.59-2.el6 libxcb-devel.i686 0:1.9.1-3.el6 mesa-dri-drivers.i686 0:10.4.3-1.el6 mesa-libGL.i686 0:10.4.3-1.el6 Complete! [root@CentOS6 ~]#
ZC：可以看到，需要安裝的軟件 確實是 mesa-libGL-devel，然后還有一些需要安裝/升級的軟件。
ZC: 還有軟件安裝的順序。
ZC：我在軟件下載之后，保留了yum下載的相關軟件（共14個，具體名字上面的過程中都有顯示）。
ZC：在 yum安裝 libGL-devel 的時候，在安裝下載的軟件之前，有一個 詢問檢索key 的過程，這個時候我正好用來復制yum下載的軟件，然后yum安裝完畢之后 會自動刪掉下載的軟件。我不知道是否所有的"yum install ???"在下載完畢之后都有一個詢問的過程，如果沒有的話，需要配置yum不自動刪除下載的軟件 以便我們復制下載的軟件。
2、
手動安裝 libGL-devel :
按照 yum的安裝順序來安裝相關軟件。遇到問題：
(1)、"rpm -Uvh libdrm-2.4.59-2.el6.i686.rpm" ==> 這個軟件，順利安裝，沒有問題。
(2)、"rpm -Uvh libxcb-1.9.1-3.el6.i686.rpm" ==> 這個安裝的時候有錯誤信息，如下：
[root@CentOS6 packages]# rpm -qa|grep libdrm
libdrm-2.4.59-2.el6.i686
[root@CentOS6 packages]# rpm -Uvh libxcb-1.9.1-3.el6.i686.rpm
warning: libxcb-1.9.1-3.el6.i686.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID c105b9de: NOKEY
error: Failed dependencies:
libxcb = 1.8.1-1.el6 is needed by (installed) libxcb-devel-1.8.1-1.el6.i686
[root@CentOS6 packages]# rpm -qa|grep libxcb
libxcb-1.8.1-1.el6.i686
libxcb-devel-1.8.1-1.el6.i686
[root@CentOS6 packages]#
ZC：上面信息可見：
(A)、libdrm-2.4.59-2.el6.i686.rpm 安裝成功
(B)、原來系統中 libxcb 和 libxcb-devel 的版本 已經是 1.8.1-1 了。
(C)、libxcb-1.9.1-3.el6.i686.rpm 安裝報錯，說 “libxcb-1.8.1-1.el6.i686.rpm(已安裝) 被 libxcb-devel-1.8.1-1.el6.i686.rpm 需要”。思考：libxcb 和 libxcb-devel 的版本 已經是 1.8.1-1，應該不是哪個軟件沒裝的原因了，難道是 ∵ libxcb-devel-1.8.1-1.el6.i686.rpm 正在使用 libxcb-1.8.1-1.el6.i686.rpm 而使得libxcb-1.8.1-1.el6.i686.rpm無法更新？(就像是一個進程獨占一個文件的時候，其它進程無法操作該文件，一樣的道理？) 於是就像嘗試 libxcb-1.9.1-3.el6.i686.rpm 和 libxcb-devel-1.9.1-3.el6.i686.rpm 一起升級，於是有了嘗試了這條語句"rpm -Uvh libxcb-1.9.1-3.el6.i686.rpm libxcb-devel-1.9.1-3.el6.i686.rpm"，一試果然OK。
於是，上面的14個軟件的安裝語句變成下面這樣（注意，這里的U是大寫的）：
rpm -Uvh libdrm-2.4.59-2.el6.i686.rpm
rpm -Uvh libxcb-1.9.1-3.el6.i686.rpm libxcb-devel-1.9.1-3.el6.i686.rpm
rpm -Uvh libdrm-devel-2.4.59-2.el6.i686.rpm
rpm -Uvh libX11-common-1.6.0-6.el6.noarch.rpm libX11-1.6.0-6.el6.i686.rpm libX11-devel-1.6.0-6.el6.i686.rpm
rpm -Uvh libXxf86vm-1.1.3-2.1.el6.i686.rpm
rpm -Uvh libXxf86vm-devel-1.1.3-2.1.el6.i686.rpm
rpm -Uvh libXdamage-devel-1.1.3-4.el6.i686.rpm
rpm -Uvh mesa-private-llvm-3.4-3.el6.i686.rpm
rpm -Uvh mesa-dri-drivers-10.4.3-1.el6.i686.rpm mesa-libGL-10.4.3-1.el6.i686.rpm
rpm -Uvh mesa-libGL-devel-10.4.3-1.el6.i686.rpm
這樣，libGL-devel 順利的手動安裝好了：
[root@CentOS6 packages]# rpm -qa|grep libGL-devel
mesa-libGL-devel-10.4.3-1.el6.i686
[root@CentOS6 packages]#
ZC：感覺到 "rpm -Uvh ???" 不僅可以升級軟件，還可以安裝軟件。
C