背景：這里提到的常規恢復指的是數據庫有完備可用的RMAN物理備份。
實驗環境：RHEL6.4 + Oracle 11.2.0.4 DG primary.
一、常規恢復之完全恢復：不丟失數據
Oracle 數據庫常規恢復的幾個概念：常規恢復之完全恢復：不丟失數據。
比如數據文件丟失，臨時文件丟失，參數文件丟失。可以通過RMAN備份完全恢復數據庫。
示例：Oracle Recovery 01 - 常規恢復之完全恢復
常規恢復之不完全恢復：部分數據丟失。
一般是有控制文件或是在線重做日志文件丟失。通過RMAN備份恢復，resetlogs會導致丟失數據。
示例：Oracle Recovery 02 - 常規恢復之不完全恢復
1.1 單個數據文件丟失或損壞
### 啟動數據庫報錯： ###SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 1620115456 bytes
Fixed Size 2253704 bytes
Variable Size 905972856 bytes
Database Buffers 704643072 bytes
Redo Buffers 7245824 bytes
Database mounted.
ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 15 - see DBWR trace file
ORA-01110: data file 15: '+DATA1/jyzhao/datafile/dbs_d_jingyu.259.886871319'
恢復方法：
RMAN>
restore datafile 15;
recover datafile 15;
sql 'alter database datafile 15 online';
sql 'alter database open';
1.2 所有數據文件丟失或損壞
### 啟動數據庫報錯： ###SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 1620115456 bytes
Fixed Size 2253704 bytes
Variable Size 905972856 bytes
Database Buffers 704643072 bytes
Redo Buffers 7245824 bytes
Database mounted.
ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 1 - see DBWR trace file
ORA-01110: data file 1: '+DATA1/jyzhao/datafile/system.278.886441901'
恢復方法：
RMAN>
restore database;
recover database;
sql 'alter database open';
1.3 參數文件丟失或損壞
### 啟動數據庫報錯： ###SQL> startup
ORA-01078: failure in processing system parameters
ORA-01565: error in identifying file '+DATA1/jyzhao/spfilejyzhao.ora'
ORA-17503: ksfdopn:2 Failed to open file +DATA1/jyzhao/spfilejyzhao.ora
ORA-15056: additional error message
ORA-17503: ksfdopn:2 Failed to open file +DATA1/jyzhao/spfilejyzhao.ora
ORA-15173: entry 'spfilejyzhao.ora' does not exist in directory 'jyzhao'
ORA-06512: at line 4
恢復方法：
1)vi編輯初始化參數文件，指定db_name, control_files,compatible
vi /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/init86.ora
db_name='jyzhao'
control_files = '+DATA1/JYZHAO/CONTROLFILE/Current.260.874084673'
compatible ='11.2.0.4'
2)啟動到mount狀態
SQL> startup mount pfile='/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/init86.ora'
3)RMAN恢復spfile文件
RMAN> restore spfile from autobackup;
4)關庫重新用恢復的spfile文件啟動數據庫
SQL> shutdown abort
SQL> startup
1.4 參數文件，數據文件丟失或損壞
啟動數據庫報錯：
綜合考慮1.3，1.2，1.1的內容。
恢復方法：
先按照1.3恢復參數文件，再根據實際情況選擇1.1或1.2。
1.5 臨時文件丟失或損壞
重啟庫之后自動重建臨時文件並成功open數據庫。 可以在alert.log看到如下一段日志：[8440] Successfully onlined Undo Tablespace 2.
Undo initialization finished serial:0 start:348324004 end:348324254 diff:250 (2 seconds)
Verifying file header compatibility for 11g tablespace encryption..
Verifying 11g file header compatibility for tablespace encryption completed
SMON: enabling tx recovery
Re-creating tempfile +DATA1/jyzhao/tempfile/temp.264.874084679 as +DATA1/jyzhao/tempfile/temp.264.887107953
Database Characterset is ZHS16GBK
No Resource Manager plan active
Archived Log entry 1162 added for thread 1 sequence 883 ID 0x93779c13 dest 1:
ARC1: Standby redo logfile selected for thread 1 sequence 883 for destination LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2
replication_dependency_tracking turned off (no async multimaster replication found)
Starting background process QMNC
Fri Aug 07 10:52:33 2015
QMNC started with pid=38, OS id=8605
ARC3: Archival started
ARC0: STARTING ARCH PROCESSES COMPLETE
Completed: ALTER DATABASE OPEN