C# Language Specification 5.0 （翻譯）目錄

引言

**[第一章 引言](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-1-introduction.html "C# Language Specification 5.0 （翻譯）第一章 引言")**（2015年07月08日）     [1.1 Hello World](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-1-introduction.htm#nav_1 "Hello World")     [1.2 程序結構](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-1-introduction.htm#nav_2 "Program structure")     [1.3 類型與變量](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-1-introduction.htm#nav_3 "Types and variables")     [1.4 表達式 Expressions](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-1-introduction.htm#nav_4 "Expressions")     [1.5 語句 Statements](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-1-introduction.htm#nav_5 "Statements")     [1.6 類與對象](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-1-introduction.htm#nav_6 "Classes and objects")         [1.6.1 成員](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-1-introduction.htm#nav_7 "Members")         [1.6.2 訪問控制修飾符](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-1-introduction.htm#nav_8 "Accessibility")         [1.6.3 類型參數](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-1-introduction.htm#nav_9 "Type parameters")         [1.6.4 基類 Base classes](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-1-introduction.htm#nav_10 "Base classes")         [1.6.5 字段 Fields](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-1-introduction.htm#nav_11 "Fields")         [1.6.6 方法 Methods](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-1-introduction.htm#nav_12 "Methods")             [1.6.6.1 形參 Parameters](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-1-introduction.htm#nav_13 "Parameters")             [1.6.6.2 方法體與局部變量](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-1-introduction.htm#nav_14 "Method body and local variables")             [1.6.6.3 靜態方法與實例方法](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-1-introduction.htm#nav_15 "Static and instance methods")             [1.6.6.4 虛、重寫與抽象方法](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-1-introduction.htm#nav_16 "Virtual, override, and abstract methods")             [1.6.6.5 方法重載](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-1-introduction.htm#nav_17 "Method overloading")         [1.6.7 其它函數成員](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-1-introduction.htm#nav_18 "Other function members ")             [1.6.7.1 構造器 Constructors](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-1-introduction.htm#nav_19 "Constructors")             [1.6.7.2 屬性 Properties](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-1-introduction.htm#nav_20 "Properties")             [1.6.7.3 索引器 Indexers](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-1-introduction.htm#nav_21 "Indexers")             [1.6.7.4 事件 Events](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-1-introduction.htm#nav_22 "Events")             [1.6.7.5 操作數 Operators](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-1-introduction.htm#nav_23 "Operators")             [1.6.7.6 析構函數 Destructors](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-1-introduction.htm#nav_24 "Destructors")     [1.7 結構 Structs](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-1-introduction.htm#nav_25 "Structs")     [1.8 數組 Arrays](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-1-introduction.htm#nav_26 "Arrays")     [1.9 接口 Interfaces](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-1-introduction.htm#nav_27 "Interfaces")     [1.10 枚舉 Enums](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-1-introduction.htm#nav_28 "Enums")     [1.11 委托 Delegates](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-1-introduction.htm#nav_29 "Delegates")     [1.12 特性 Attributes](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-1-introduction.htm#nav_30 "Attributes")

詞法結構

**[第二章 詞法結構](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-2-Lexical_structure.html "C# Language Specification 5.0 （翻譯）第二章 詞法結構")**（2015年07月13日）     [2.1 程序](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-2-Lexical_structure.htm#nav_1 "Program")     [2.2 文法](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-2-Lexical_structure.htm#nav_2 "Grammars")         [2.2.1 文法表示法](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-2-Lexical_structure.htm#nav_3 "Grammar notation")         [2.2.2 詞法文法](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-2-Lexical_structure.htm#nav_4 "Lexical grammar")         [2.2.3 句法文法](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-2-Lexical_structure.htm#nav_5 "Syntactic grammar")     [2.3 詞法分析](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-2-Lexical_structure.htm#nav_6 "Lexical analysis")         [2.3.1 行終結符](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-2-Lexical_structure.htm#nav_7 "Line terminators")         [2.3.2 注釋](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-2-Lexical_structure.htm#nav_8 "Comments")         [2.3.3 空白](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-2-Lexical_structure.htm#nav_9 "White space")     [2.4 標記](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-2-Lexical_structure.htm#nav_10 "Tokens")         [2.4.1 Unicode 字符轉義序列](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-11-Lexical_structure.htm#nav_2 "Unicode character escape sequences")         [2.4.2 標識符](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-2-Lexical_structure.htm#nav_12 "Identifiers")         [2.4.3 關鍵字](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-2-Lexical_structure.htm#nav_13 "Keywords")         [2.4.4 文本](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-2-Lexical_structure.htm#nav_14 "Literals")             [2.4.4.1 布爾值](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-2-Lexical_structure.htm#nav15 "Boolean literals")             [2.4.4.2 整數](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-2-Lexical_structure.htm#nav_16 "Integer literals")             [2.4.4.3 實數](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-2-Lexical_structure.htm#nav_17 "Real literals")             [2.4.4.4 字符](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-2-Lexical_structure.htm#nav_18 "Character literals")             [2.4.4.5 字符串](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-2-Lexical_structure.htm#nav_19 "String literals")             [2.4.4.6 空 null](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-2-Lexical_structure.htm#nav_20 "The null literal")         [2.4.5 操作符與標點符](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-2-Lexical_structure.htm#nav_21 "Operators and punctuators")     [2.5 預處理指令](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-2-Lexical_structure.htm#nav_22 "Pre-processing directives")         [2.5.1 條件編譯符號](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-2-Lexical_structure.htm#nav_23 "Conditional compilation symbols")         [2.5.2 預處理表達式](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-2-Lexical_structure.htm#nav_24 "Pre-processing expressions")         [2.5.3 聲明指令](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-2-Lexical_structure.htm#nav_25 "Declaration directives")         [2.5.4 條件編譯指令](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-2-Lexical_structure.htm#nav_26 "Conditional compilation directives")         [2.5.5 診斷指令](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-2-Lexical_structure.htm#nav_27 "Diagnostic directives")         [2.5.6 區域指令](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-2-Lexical_structure.htm#nav_28 "Region directives")         [2.5.7 行指令](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-2-Lexical_structure.htm#nav_29 "Line directives")         [2.5.8 編譯指示指令](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-2-Lexical_structure.htm#nav_30 "Pragma directives")             [2.5.8.1 編譯指示警告](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-2-Lexical_structure.htm#nav_31 "Pragma warning")

基本概念

**[第三章 基本概念](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-3-Basic_Concepts.html "C# Language Specification 5.0 （翻譯）第三章 基本概念")**（2015年07月21日）     [3.1 應用程序啟動](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-3-Basic_Concepts.html#nav_1 "Application Startup")     [3.2 應用程序終止](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-3-Basic_Concepts.html#nav_2 "Application termination")     [3.3 聲明](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-3-Basic_Concepts.html#nav_3 "Declarations")     [3.4 成員](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-3-Basic_Concepts.html#nav_4 "Members")         [3.4.1 命名空間成員](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-3-Basic_Concepts.html#nav_5 "Namespace members")         [3.4.2 結構成員](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-3-Basic_Concepts.html#nav_6 "Struct members")         [3.4.3 枚舉成員](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-3-Basic_Concepts.html#nav_7 "Enumeration members")         [3.4.4 類成員](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-3-Basic_Concepts.html#nav_8 "Class members")         [3.4.5 接口成員](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-3-Basic_Concepts.html#nav_9 "Interface members")         [3.4.6 數組成員](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-3-Basic_Concepts.html#nav_10 "Array members")         [3.4.7 委托成員](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-3-Basic_Concepts.html#nav_11 "Delegate members")     [3.5 成員訪問](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-3-Basic_Concepts.html#nav_12 "Member access")         [3.5.1 聲明的可訪問性](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-3-Basic_Concepts.html#nav_13 "Declared accessibility")         [3.5.2 可訪問域](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-3-Basic_Concepts.html#nav_14 "Accessibility domains")         [3.5.3 實例成員的受保護訪問](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-3-Basic_Concepts.html#nav_15 "Protected access for instance members")         [3.5.4 可訪問性約束](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-3-Basic_Concepts.html#nav_16 "Accessibility constraints")     [3.6 簽名與重載](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-3-Basic_Concepts.html#nav_17 "Signatures and overloading")     [3.7 作用域](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-3-Basic_Concepts.html#nav_18 "Scopes")         [3.7.1 名稱隱藏](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-3-Basic_Concepts.html#nav_19 "Name hiding")             [3.7.1.1 通過嵌套隱藏](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-3-Basic_Concepts.html#nav_20 "Hiding through nesting")             [3.7.1.2 通過繼承隱藏](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-3-Basic_Concepts.html#nav_21 "Hiding through inheritance")     [3.8 命名空間與類型名](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-3-Basic_Concepts.html#nav_22 "Namespace and type names")         [3.8.1 完全限定名](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-3-Basic_Concepts.html#nav_23 "Fully qualified names")     [3.9 自動內存管理](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-3-Basic_Concepts.html#nav_24 "Automatic memory management")     [3.10 執行順序](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-3-Basic_Concepts.html#nav_25 "Execution order")

類型

**[第四章 類型](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-4-Types.html "C# Language Specification 5.0 （翻譯）第四章 類型")**（2015年07月28日）     [4.1 值類型](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-4-Types.html.html#nav_1 "Value types")         [4.1.1 System.ValueType 類型](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-4-Types.html.html#nav_2 "The System.ValueType type")         [4.1.2 默認構造函數](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-4-Types.html.html#nav_3 "Default constructors")         [4.1.3 結構類型](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-4-Types.html.html#nav_4 "Struct types")         [4.1.4 簡單類型](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-4-Types.html.html#nav_5 "Simple types")         [4.1.5 整數類型](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-4-Types.html.html#nav_6 "Integral types")         [4.1.6 浮點數類型](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-4-Types.html.html#nav_7 "Floating point types")         [4.1.7 decimal 類型](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-4-Types.html.html#nav_8 "The decimal type")         [4.1.8 布爾類型](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-4-Types.html.html#nav_9 "The bool type")         [4.1.9 枚舉類型](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-4-Types.html.html#nav_10 "Enumeration types")         [4.1.10 可空類型](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-4-Types.html.html#nav_11 "Nullable types")     [4.2 引用類型](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-4-Types.html.html#nav_12 "Reference types")         [4.2.1 類類型](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-4-Types.html.html#nav_13 "Class types")         [4.2.2 對象類型](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-4-Types.html.html#nav_14 "The object type")         [4.2.3 dynamic 類型](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-4-Types.html.html#nav_15 "The dynamic type")         [4.2.4 字符串類型](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-4-Types.html.html#nav_16 "The string type")         [4.2.5 接口類型](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-4-Types.html.html#nav_17 "Interface types")         [4.2.6 數組類型](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-4-Types.html.html#nav_18 "Array types")         [4.2.7 委托類型](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-4-Types.html.html#nav_19 "Delegate types")     [4.3 裝箱與拆箱](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-4-Types.html.html#nav_20 "Boxing and unboxing")         [4.3.1 裝箱轉換](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-4-Types.html.html#nav_21 "Boxing conversions")         [4.3.2 拆箱轉換](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-4-Types.html.html#nav_22 "Unboxing conversions")     [4.4 構造類型](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-4-Types.html.html#nav_23 "Constructed types")         [4.4.1 類型實參](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-4-Types.html.html#nav_24 "Type arguments")         [4.4.2 開放與封閉類型](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-4-Types.html.html#nav_25 "Open and closed types")         [4.4.3 綁定與未綁定類型](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-4-Types.html.html#nav_26 "Bound and unbound types")         [4.4.4 滿足約束](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-4-Types.html.html#nav_27 "Satisfying constraints")     [4.5 類型形參](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-4-Types.html.html#nav_28 "Type parameters")     [4.6 表達式樹類型](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-4-Types.html.html#nav_29 "Expression tree types")     [4.7 dynamic 類型](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-4-Types.html.html#nav_30 "The dynamic type")

變量

**[第五章 變量](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html "C# Language Specification 5.0 （翻譯）第五章 變量")**（2015年08月12日）     [5.1 變量種類](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_1 "Variable categories")         [5.1.1 靜態變量 ](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_2 "Static variables")         [5.1.2 實例變量](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_3 "Instance variables")             [5.1.2.1 類中的實例變量](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_4 "Instance variables in classes")             [5.1.2.2 結構中的實例變量](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_5 "Instance variables in structs")         [5.1.3 數組元素](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_6 "Array elements")         [5.1.4 值參數](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_7 "Value parameters")         [5.1.5 引用參數](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_8 "Reference parameters")         [5.1.6 輸出參數](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_9 "Output parameters")         [5.1.7 局部變量](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_10 "Local variables")     [5.2 默認值](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_11 "Default values")     [5.3 明確賦值](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_12 "Definite assignment")         [5.3.1 初始已賦值變量](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_13 "Initially assigned variables")         [5.3.2 初始未賦值變量](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_14 "Initially unassigned variables")         [5.3.3 明確賦值的詳細規則](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_15 "Precise rules for determining definite assignment")             [5.3.3.1 一般語句規則](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_16 "General rules for statements")             [5.3.3.2 塊、checked 與 unchecked 語句](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_17 "Block statements, checked, and unchecked statements")             [5.3.3.3 表達式語句](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_18 "Expression statements")             [5.3.3.4 聲明語句](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_19 "Declaration statements")             [5.3.3.5 if 語句](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_20 "If statements")             [5.3.3.6 switch 語句](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_21 "Switch statements")             [5.3.3.7 while 語句](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_22 "While statements")             [5.3.3.8 do 語句](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_23 "Do statements")             [5.3.3.9 for 語句](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_24 "For statements")             [5.3.3.10 break、continue 與 goto 語句](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_25 "Break, continue, and goto statements")             [5.3.3.11 throw 語句](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_26 "Throw statements")             [5.3.3.12 return 語句](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_27 "Return statements")             [5.3.3.13 try-catch 語句](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_28 "Try-catch statements")             [5.3.3.14 try-finally 語句](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_29 "Try-finally statements")             [5.3.3.15 try-catch-finally 語句](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_30 "Try-catch-finally statements")             [5.3.3.16 foreach 語句](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_31 "Foreach statements")             [5.3.3.17 using 語句](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_32 "Using statements")             [5.3.3.18 lock 語句](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_33 "Lock statements")             [5.3.3.19 yield 語句](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_34 "Yield statements")             [5.3.3.20 簡單表達式的一般規則](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_35 "General rules for simple expressions")             [5.3.3.21 帶嵌入表達式的表達式一般規則](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_36 "General rules for expressions with embedded expressions")             [5.3.3.22 調用表達式與對象創建表達式](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_37 "Invocation expressions and object creation expressions")             [5.3.3.23 簡單賦值表達式](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_38 "Simple assignment expressions")             [5.3.3.24 && 表達式](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_39 "&& expressions")             [5.3.3.25 || 表達式](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_40 "|| expressions")             [5.3.3.26 ! 表達式](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_41 "! expressions")             [5.3.3.27 ?? 表達式](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_42 "?? expressions")             [5.3.3.28 ?: 表達式](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_43 "?: expressions")             [5.3.3.29 匿名函數](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_44 "Anonymous functions")     [5.4 變量引用](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_45 "Variable references")     [5.5 變量引用的原子性](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-5-Variables.html.html#nav_46 "Atomicity of variable references")

轉換

**[第六章 轉換](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-6-Conversions.html "C# Language Specification 5.0 （翻譯）第六章 轉換")**（2015年09月15日）     [6.1 隱式轉換](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-6-Conversions.html.html#nav_1 "Implicit conversions")         [6.1.1 標識轉換](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-6-Conversions.html.html#nav_2 "Identity conversion")         [6.1.2 隱式數值轉換](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-6-Conversions.html.html#nav_3 "Implicit numeric conversions")         [6.1.3 隱式枚舉轉換](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-6-Conversions.html.html#nav_4 "Implicit enumeration conversions")         [6.1.4 隱式可空值轉換](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-6-Conversions.html.html#nav_5 "Implicit nullable conversions")         [6.1.5 空值文本轉換](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-6-Conversions.html.html#nav_6 "Null literal conversions")         [6.1.6 隱式引用轉換](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-6-Conversions.html.html#nav_7 "Implicit reference conversions")         [6.1.7 裝箱轉換](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-6-Conversions.html.html#nav_8 "Boxing conversions")         [6.1.8 隱式動態轉換](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-6-Conversions.html.html#nav_9 "Implicit dynamic conversions")         [6.1.9 隱式常量表達式轉換](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-6-Conversions.html.html#nav_10 "")         [6.1.10 涉及類型形參的隱式轉換](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-6-Conversions.html.html#nav_11 "Implicit conversions involving type parameters")         [6.1.11 用戶定義隱式轉換](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-6-Conversions.html.html#nav_12 "User-defined implicit conversions")         [6.1.12 匿名函數轉換與方法組轉換](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-6-Conversions.html.html#nav_13 "Anonymous function conversions and method group conversions")     [6.2 顯式轉換](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-6-Conversions.html.html#nav_17 "Explicit conversions")         [6.2.1 顯式數值轉換](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-6-Conversions.html.html#nav_18 "Explicit numeric conversions")         [6.2.2 顯式枚舉轉換](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-6-Conversions.html.html#nav_19 "Explicit enumeration conversions")         [6.2.3 顯式可空值轉換](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-6-Conversions.html.html#nav_20 "Explicit nullable conversions")         [6.2.4 顯式引用轉換](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-6-Conversions.html.html#nav_21 "Explicit reference conversions")         [6.2.5 拆箱轉換](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-6-Conversions.html.html#nav_22 "Unboxing conversions")         [6.2.6 顯式動態轉換](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-6-Conversions.html.html#nav_23 "Explicit dynamic conversions")         [6.2.7 涉及類型形參的顯式轉換](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-6-Conversions.html.html#nav_24 "Explicit conversions involving type parameters")         [6.2.8 用戶定義顯式轉換](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-6-Conversions.html.html#nav_25 "User-defined explicit conversions")     [6.3 標准轉換](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-6-Conversions.html.html#nav_26 "Standard conversions")         [6.3.1 標准隱式轉換](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-6-Conversions.html.html#nav_27 "Standard implicit conversions")         [6.3.2 標准顯式轉換](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-6-Conversions.html.html#nav_28 "Standard explicit conversions")     [6.4 用戶定義轉換](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-6-Conversions.html.html#nav_29 "User-defined conversions")         [6.4.1 許可的用戶定義轉換](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-6-Conversions.html.html#nav_30 "Permitted user-defined conversions")         [6.4.2 提升轉換操作符](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-6-Conversions.html.html#nav_31 "Lifted conversion operators")         [6.4.3 用戶定義轉換的計算](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-6-Conversions.html.html#nav_32 "Evaluation of user-defined conversions")         [6.4.4 用戶定義隱式轉換](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-6-Conversions.html.html#nav_33 "User-defined implicit conversions")         [6.4.5 用戶定義顯式轉換](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-6-Conversions.html.html#nav_34 "User-defined explicit conversions")     [6.5 匿名函數轉換](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-6-Conversions.html.html#nav_35 "Anonymous function conversions")         [6.5.1 匿名函數轉換為委托類型的計算](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-6-Conversions.html.html#nav_36 "Evaluation of anonymous function conversions to delegate types")         [6.5.2 匿名函數轉換為表達式樹類型的計算](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-6-Conversions.html.html#nav_37 "Evaluation of anonymous function conversions to expression tree types")         [6.5.3 實現舉例](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-6-Conversions.html.html#nav_38 "Implementation example")     [6.6 方法組轉換](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-6-Conversions.html.html#nav_39 "Method group conversions")

表達式 Expressions

7.1 Expression classifications
7.1.1 Values of expressions
7.2 Static and Dynamic Binding
7.2.1 Binding-time
7.2.2 Dynamic binding
7.2.3 Types of constituent expressions
7.3 Operators
7.3.1 Operator precedence and associativity
7.3.2 Operator overloading
7.3.3 Unary operator overload resolution
7.3.4 Binary operator overload resolution
7.3.5 Candidate user-defined operators
7.3.6 Numeric promotions
7.3.6.1 Unary numeric promotions
7.3.6.2 Binary numeric promotions
7.3.7 Lifted operators
7.4 Member lookup
7.4.1 Base types
7.5 Function members
7.5.1 Argument lists
7.5.1.1 Corresponding parameters
7.5.1.2 Run-time evaluation of argument lists
7.5.2 Type inference
7.5.2.1 The first phase
7.5.2.2 The second phase
7.5.2.3 Input types
7.5.2.4 Output types
7.5.2.5 Dependence
7.5.2.6 Output type inferences
7.5.2.7 Explicit parameter type inferences
7.5.2.8 Exact inferences
7.5.2.9 Lower-bound inferences
7.5.2.10 Upper-bound inferences
7.5.2.11 Fixing
7.5.2.12 Inferred return type
7.5.2.13 Type inference for conversion of method groups
7.5.2.14 Finding the best common type of a set of expressions
7.5.3 Overload resolution
7.5.3.1 Applicable function member
7.5.3.2 Better function member
7.5.3.3 Better conversion from expression
7.5.3.4 Better conversion from type
7.5.3.5 Better conversion target
7.5.3.6 Overloading in generic classes
7.5.4 Compile-time checking of dynamic overload resolution
7.5.5 Function member invocation
7.5.5.1 Invocations on boxed instances
7.6 Primary expressions
7.6.1 Literals
7.6.2 Simple names
7.6.2.1 Invariant meaning in blocks
7.6.3 Parenthesized expressions
7.6.4 Member access
7.6.4.1 Identical simple names and type names
7.6.4.2 Grammar ambiguities
7.6.5 Invocation expressions
7.6.5.1 Method invocations
7.6.5.2 Extension method invocations
7.6.5.3 Delegate invocations
7.6.6 Element access
7.6.6.1 Array access
7.6.6.2 Indexer access
7.6.7 This access
7.6.8 Base access
7.6.9 Postfix increment and decrement operators
7.6.10 The new operator
7.6.10.1 Object creation expressions
7.6.10.2 Object initializers
7.6.10.3 Collection initializers
7.6.10.4 Array creation expressions
7.6.10.5 Delegate creation expressions
7.6.10.6 Anonymous object creation expressions
7.6.11 The typeof operator
7.6.12 The checked and unchecked operators
7.6.13 Default value expressions
7.6.14 Anonymous method expressions
7.7 Unary operators
7.7.1 Unary plus operator
7.7.2 Unary minus operator
7.7.3 Logical negation operator
7.7.4 Bitwise complement operator
7.7.5 Prefix increment and decrement operators
7.7.6 Cast expressions
7.8 Arithmetic operators
7.8.1 Multiplication operator
7.8.2 Division operator
7.8.3 Remainder operator
7.8.4 Addition operator
7.8.5 Subtraction operator
7.9 Shift operators
7.10 Relational and type-testing operators
7.10.1 Integer comparison operators
7.10.2 Floating-point comparison operators
7.10.3 Decimal comparison operators
7.10.4 Boolean equality operators
7.10.5 Enumeration comparison operators
7.10.6 Reference type equality operators
7.10.7 String equality operators
7.10.8 Delegate equality operators
7.10.9 Equality operators and null
7.10.10 The is operator
7.10.11 The as operator
7.11 Logical operators
7.11.1 Integer logical operators
7.11.2 Enumeration logical operators
7.11.3 Boolean logical operators
7.11.4 Nullable boolean logical operators
7.12 Conditional logical operators
7.12.1 Boolean conditional logical operators
7.12.2 User-defined conditional logical operators
7.13 The null coalescing operator
7.14 Conditional operator
7.15 Anonymous function expressions
7.15.1 Anonymous function signatures
7.15.2 Anonymous function bodies
7.15.3 Overload resolution
7.15.4 Anonymous functions and dynamic binding
7.15.5 Outer variables
7.15.5.1 Captured outer variables
7.15.5.2 Instantiation of local variables
7.15.6 Evaluation of anonymous function expressions
7.16 Query expressions
7.16.1 Ambiguities in query expressions
7.16.2 Query expression translation
7.16.2.1 Select and groupby clauses with continuations
7.16.2.2 Explicit range variable types
7.16.2.3 Degenerate query expressions
7.16.2.4 From, let, where, join and orderby clauses
7.16.2.5 Select clauses
7.16.2.6 Groupby clauses
7.16.2.7 Transparent identifiers
7.16.3 The query expression pattern
7.17 Assignment operators
7.17.1 Simple assignment
7.17.2 Compound assignment
7.17.3 Event assignment
7.18 Expression
7.19 Constant expressions
7.20 Boolean expressions

聲明 Statements

8.1 End points and reachability
8.2 Blocks
8.2.1 Statement lists
8.3 The empty statement
8.4 Labeled statements
8.5 Declaration statements
8.5.1 Local variable declarations
8.5.2 Local constant declarations
8.6 Expression statements
8.7 Selection statements
8.7.1 The if statement
8.7.2 The switch statement
8.8 Iteration statements
8.8.1 The while statement
8.8.2 The do statement
8.8.3 The for statement
8.8.4 The foreach statement
8.9 Jump statements
8.9.1 The break statement
8.9.2 The continue statement
8.9.3 The goto statement
8.9.4 The return statement
8.9.5 The throw statement
8.10 The try statement
8.11 The checked and unchecked statements
8.12 The lock statement
8.13 The using statement
8.14 The yield statement

命名空間

**[第九章 命名空間](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-9-Namespaces.html "C# Language Specification 5.0 （翻譯）第九章 命名空間")**（2015年12月13日，完成度20%）     [9.1 編譯單元](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-9-Namespaces.html#nav_1 "Compilation units")     [9.2 命名空間聲明](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-9-Namespaces.html#nav_2 "Namespace declarations")     [9.3 Extern 別名](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-9-Namespaces.html#nav_3 "Extern aliases")     [9.4 using 指令](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-9-Namespaces.html#nav_4 "Using directives")         [9.4.1 using 別名指令](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-9-Namespaces.html#nav_5 "Using alias directives")         [9.4.2 using 命名空間指令](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-9-Namespaces.html#nav_6 "Using namespace directives")     [9.5 命名空間成員](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-9-Namespaces.html#nav_7 "Namespace members")     [9.6 類型定義](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-9-Namespaces.html#nav_8 "Type declarations")     [9.7 命名空間別名限定符](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-9-Namespaces.html#nav_9 "Namespace alias qualifiers")         [9.7.1 別名唯一性](http://www.cnblogs.com/forerunner/p/csls5-9-Namespaces.html#nav_10 "Uniqueness of aliases")

類 Classes

10.1 Class declarations
10.1.1 Class modifiers
10.1.1.1 Abstract classes
10.1.1.2 Sealed classes
10.1.1.3 Static classes
10.1.2 Partial modifier
10.1.3 Type parameters
10.1.4 Class base specification
10.1.4.1 Base classes
10.1.4.2 Interface implementations
10.1.5 Type parameter constraints
10.1.6 Class body
10.2 Partial types
10.2.1 Attributes
10.2.2 Modifiers
10.2.3 Type parameters and constraints
10.2.4 Base class
10.2.5 Base interfaces
10.2.6 Members
10.2.7 Partial methods
10.2.8 Name binding
10.3 Class members
10.3.1 The instance type
10.3.2 Members of constructed types
10.3.3 Inheritance
10.3.4 The new modifier
10.3.5 Access modifiers
10.3.6 Constituent types
10.3.7 Static and instance members
10.3.8 Nested types
10.3.8.1 Fully qualified name
10.3.8.2 Declared accessibility
10.3.8.3 Hiding
10.3.8.4 this access
10.3.8.5 Access to private and protected members of the containing type
10.3.8.6 Nested types in generic classes
10.3.9 Reserved member names
10.3.9.1 Member names reserved for properties
10.3.9.2 Member names reserved for events
10.3.9.3 Member names reserved for indexers
10.3.9.4 Member names reserved for destructors
10.4 Constants
10.5 Fields
10.5.1 Static and instance fields
10.5.2 Readonly fields
10.5.2.1 Using static readonly fields for constants
10.5.2.2 Versioning of constants and static readonly fields
10.5.3 Volatile fields
10.5.4 Field initialization
10.5.5 Variable initializers
10.5.5.1 Static field initialization
10.5.5.2 Instance field initialization
10.6 Methods
10.6.1 Method parameters
10.6.1.1 Value parameters
10.6.1.2 Reference parameters
10.6.1.3 Output parameters
10.6.1.4 Parameter arrays
10.6.2 Static and instance methods
10.6.3 Virtual methods
10.6.4 Override methods
10.6.5 Sealed methods
10.6.6 Abstract methods
10.6.7 External methods
10.6.8 Partial methods
10.6.9 Extension methods
10.6.10 Method body
10.6.11 Method overloading
10.7 Properties
10.7.1 Static and instance properties
10.7.2 Accessors
10.7.3 Automatically implemented properties
10.7.4 Accessibility
10.7.5 Virtual, sealed, override, and abstract accessors
10.8 Events
10.8.1 Field-like events
10.8.2 Event accessors
10.8.3 Static and instance events
10.8.4 Virtual, sealed, override, and abstract accessors
10.9 Indexers
10.9.1 Indexer overloading
10.10 Operators
10.10.1 Unary operators
10.10.2 Binary operators
10.10.3 Conversion operators
10.11 Instance constructors
10.11.1 Constructor initializers
10.11.2 Instance variable initializers
10.11.3 Constructor execution
10.11.4 Default constructors
10.11.5 Private constructors
10.11.6 Optional instance constructor parameters
10.12 Static constructors
10.13 Destructors
10.14 Iterators
10.14.1 Enumerator interfaces
10.14.2 Enumerable interfaces
10.14.3 Yield type
10.14.4 Enumerator objects
10.14.4.1 The MoveNext method
10.14.4.2 The Current property
10.14.4.3 The Dispose method
10.14.5 Enumerable objects
10.14.5.1 The GetEnumerator method
10.14.6 Implementation example

結構 Structs

11.1 Struct declarations
11.1.1 Struct modifiers
11.1.2 Partial modifier
11.1.3 Struct interfaces
11.1.4 Struct body
11.2 Struct members
11.3 Class and struct differences
11.3.1 Value semantics
11.3.2 Inheritance
11.3.3 Assignment
11.3.4 Default values
11.3.5 Boxing and unboxing
11.3.6 Meaning of this
11.3.7 Field initializers
11.3.8 Constructors
11.3.9 Destructors
11.3.10 Static constructors
11.4 Struct examples
11.4.1 Database integer type
11.4.2 Database boolean type

數組 Arrays

12.1 Array types
12.1.1 The System.Array type
12.1.2 Arrays and the generic IList interface
12.2 Array creation
12.3 Array element access
12.4 Array members
12.5 Array covariance
12.6 Array initializers

接口 Interfaces

13.1 Interface declarations
13.1.1 Interface modifiers
13.1.2 Partial modifier
13.1.3 Variant type parameter lists
13.1.3.1 Variance safety
13.1.3.2 Variance conversion
13.1.4 Base interfaces
13.1.5 Interface body
13.2 Interface members
13.2.1 Interface methods
13.2.2 Interface properties
13.2.3 Interface events
13.2.4 Interface indexers
13.2.5 Interface member access
13.3 Fully qualified interface member names
13.4 Interface implementations
13.4.1 Explicit interface member implementations
13.4.2 Uniqueness of implemented interfaces
13.4.3 Implementation of generic methods
13.4.4 Interface mapping
13.4.5 Interface implementation inheritance
13.4.6 Interface re-implementation
13.4.7 Abstract classes and interfaces

枚舉 Enums

14.1 Enum declarations
14.2 Enum modifiers
14.3 Enum members
14.4 The System.Enum type
14.5 Enum values and operations

委托 Delegates

15.1 Delegate declarations
15.2 Delegate compatibility
15.3 Delegate instantiation
15.4 Delegate invocation

異常 Exceptions

16.1 Causes of exceptions
16.2 The System.Exception class
16.3 How exceptions are handled
16.4 Common Exception Classes

特性 Attributes

17.1 Attribute classes
17.1.1 Attribute usage
17.1.2 Positional and named parameters
17.1.3 Attribute parameter types
17.2 Attribute specification
17.3 Attribute instances
17.3.1 Compilation of an attribute
17.3.2 Run-time retrieval of an attribute instance
17.4 Reserved attributes
17.4.1 The AttributeUsage attribute
17.4.2 The Conditional attribute
17.4.2.1 Conditional methods
17.4.2.2 Conditional attribute classes
17.4.3 The Obsolete attribute
17.5 Attributes for Interoperation
17.5.1 Interoperation with COM and Win32 components
17.5.2 Interoperation with other .NET languages
17.5.2.1 The IndexerName attribute

編寫不安全的代碼

18.1 Unsafe contexts
18.2 Pointer types
18.3 Fixed and moveable variables
18.4 Pointer conversions
18.4.1 Pointer arrays
18.5 Pointers in expressions
18.5.1 Pointer indirection
18.5.2 Pointer member access
18.5.3 Pointer element access
18.5.4 The address-of operator
18.5.5 Pointer increment and decrement
18.5.6 Pointer arithmetic
18.5.7 Pointer comparison
18.5.8 The sizeof operator
18.6 The fixed statement
18.7 Fixed size buffers
18.7.1 Fixed size buffer declarations
18.7.2 Fixed size buffers in expressions
18.7.3 Definite assignment checking
18.8 Stack allocation
18.9 Dynamic memory allocation

附錄1：注釋

A.1 Introduction
A.2 Recommended tags
A.2.1 <c>
A.2.2 <code>
A.2.3 <example>
A.2.4 <exception>
A.2.5 <include>
A.2.6 <list>
A.2.7 <para>
A.2.8 <param>
A.2.9 <paramref>
A.2.10 <permission>
A.2.11 <remark>
A.2.12 <returns>
A.2.13 <see>
A.2.14 <seealso>
A.2.15 <summary>
A.2.16 <value>
A.2.17 <typeparam>
A.2.18 <typeparamref>
A.3 Processing the documentation file
A.3.1 ID string format
A.3.2 ID string examples
A.4 An example
A.4.1 C# source code
A.4.2 Resulting XML

附錄2：語法

B.1 Lexical grammar
B.1.1 Line terminators
B.1.2 Comments
B.1.3 White space
B.1.4 Tokens
B.1.5 Unicode character escape sequences
B.1.6 Identifiers
B.1.7 Keywords
B.1.8 Literals
B.1.9 Operators and punctuators
B.1.10 Pre-processing directives
B.2 Syntactic grammar
B.2.1 Basic concepts
B.2.2 Types
B.2.3 Variables
B.2.4 Expressions
B.2.5 Statements
B.2.6 Namespaces
B.2.7 Classes
B.2.8 Structs
B.2.9 Arrays
B.2.10 Interfaces
B.2.11 Enums
B.2.12 Delegates
B.2.13 Attributes
B.3 Grammar extensions for unsafe code

附錄3：參考