python 關鍵字參數


原文地址:http://docs.pythontab.com/python/python3.4/controlflow.html#tut-functions

函數可以通過 關鍵字參數 的形式來調用,形如 keyword value 。例如,以下的函數:

def parrot(voltage, state='a stiff', action='voom', type='Norwegian Blue'):
    print("-- This parrot wouldn't", action, end=' ')
    print("if you put", voltage, "volts through it.")
    print("-- Lovely plumage, the", type)
    print("-- It's", state, "!")
    

接受一個必選參數 (voltage) 以及三個可選參數 (stateaction, 和 type). 

可以用以下方法調用:

parrot(1000)                                          # 1 positional argument
parrot(voltage=1000)                                  # 1 keyword argument
parrot(voltage=1000000, action='VOOOOOM')             # 2 keyword arguments
parrot(action='VOOOOOM', voltage=1000000)             # 2 keyword arguments
parrot('a million', 'bereft of life', 'jump')         # 3 positional arguments
parrot('a thousand', state='pushing up the daisies')  # 1 positional, 1 keyword

不過以下幾種調用是無效的:

parrot()                     # required argument missing
parrot(voltage=5.0, 'dead')  # non-keyword argument after a keyword argument
parrot(110, voltage=220)     # duplicate value for the same argument
parrot(actor='John Cleese')  # unknown keyword argument

引入一個形如 **name 的參數時,它接收一個字典(參見 typesmapping ) ,該字典包含了所有未出現在形式參數列表中的關鍵字參數。這里可能還會組合使用一個形如 *name (下一小節詳細介紹) 的形式參數,它接收一個元組(下一節中會詳細介紹),包含了所有沒有出現在形式參數列表中的參數值。( *name 必須在 **name 之前出現) 例如,我們這樣定義一個函數:

def cheeseshop(kind, *arguments, **keywords):
    print("-- Do you have any", kind, "?")
    print("-- I'm sorry, we're all out of", kind)
    for arg in arguments:
        print(arg)
    print("-" * 40)
    keys = sorted(keywords.keys())
    for kw in keys:
        print(kw, ":", keywords[kw])
        

它可以像這樣調用:

cheeseshop("Limburger", "It's very runny, sir.",
           "It's really very, VERY runny, sir.",
           shopkeeper="Michael Palin",
           client="John Cleese",
           sketch="Cheese Shop Sketch")

當然它會按如下內容打印:

-- Do you have any Limburger ?
-- I'm sorry, we're all out of Limburger
It's very runny, sir.
It's really very, VERY runny, sir.
----------------------------------------
client : John Cleese
shopkeeper : Michael Palin
sketch : Cheese Shop Sketch

注意在打印 關鍵字 參數字典的內容前先調用 sort() 方法。否則的話,打印參數時的順序是未定義的



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