元數據:數據的數據,用以描述數據的信息也是數據,被稱為元數據
[MySQL]獲取元數據的方法
MySQL提供了以下三種方法用於獲取數據庫對象的元數據:
1)show語句
2)從INFORMATION_SCHEMA數據庫里查詢相關表(information_schema是一個虛擬數據庫,並不物理存在,它儲存數據的信息的數據庫)
3)命令行程序,如mysqlshow, mysqldump
--用SHOW語句獲取元數據
MySQL用show語句獲取元數據是最常用的方法,下面提供了幾種典型用法:
[sql]
show databases; --列出所有數據庫
show create database db_name; --查看數據庫的DDL
show tables; --列出默認數據庫的所有表
show tables from db_name; --列出指定數據庫的所有表
show table status; --查看表的描述性信息
show table status from db_name;
show create table tbl_name; --查看表的DDL
show columns from tbl_name; --查看列信息
show index from tbl_name; --查看索引信息
有幾種show語句還可以帶有一條like 'pattern'字句,用來限制語句的輸出范圍,其中'pattern'允許包含'%'和'_'通配符,比如下面這條語句返回domaininfo表中以s開頭的所有列:
[sql]
show columns from domaininfo like 's%';
像上面這張支持like字句的所有show都可以改寫成一條where字句,如:
[sql]
show columns from domaininfo where field='sysdomain';
注:desc tbl_name和explain tbl_name的效果和show columns from tbl_name一致。
--從INFORMATION_SCHEMA數據庫里查詢相關表
INFORMATION_SCHEMA是MySQL自帶的一個系統數據庫,它里面存儲了所有的元數據,通過select里面的相關表就可以獲取你想要的元數據。和show語句相比,它比較麻煩,但它的好處是標准的SQL語句,更具有可移植性,且更靈活,可以通過各種表達式獲取你真正需要的信息。
從命令行獲取元數據
前面兩種方法都必須得在MySQL命令行里執行,而mysqlshow和mysqldump提供了從OS命令行獲取元數據庫的方法,如:
[plain]
mysqlshow --列出所有數據庫
mysqlshow db_name --列出給定數據庫的所有表
mysqlshow db_name tbl_name --列出給定數據庫表的所有列
mysqlshow --keys db_name tbl_name --列出索引信息
mysqlshow --status db_name --列出數據庫的描述性信息
mysqldump可以讓你看到create table語句(就想show create table語句一樣),如:
[sql]
mysqldump --no-data db_name [tbl_name] ...
*注意:在用mysqldump查看表結構時,一定要加上--no-data,否則你看到的將是數據庫表里的數據。
--MySql數據庫信息information_schema的查詢使用
從MySQL 5開始, 你可以看到多了一個系統數據庫information_schema . information_schema 存貯了其他所有數據庫的信息。讓我們來看看幾個使用這個數據庫的例子:
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1. 取得關於 information_schema的基本信息
information_schema是一個虛擬數據庫,並不物理存在,在select的時候,從其他數據庫獲取相應的信息。
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| bugs |
| mysql |
| sugarcrm |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
以下是information_schema數據庫中的表.
mysql> use information_schema;
mysql> show tables;
+---------------------------------------+
| Tables_in_information_schema |
+---------------------------------------+
| CHARACTER_SETS |
| COLLATIONS |
| COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY |
| COLUMNS |
| COLUMN_PRIVILEGES |
| KEY_COLUMN_USAGE |
| PROFILING |
| ROUTINES |
| SCHEMATA |
| SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES |
| STATISTICS |
| TABLES |
| TABLE_CONSTRAINTS |
| TABLE_PRIVILEGES |
| TRIGGERS |
| USER_PRIVILEGES |
| VIEWS |
+---------------------------------------+
17 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2. 查詢表中數據超過1000行的表
以下的語句可以查出超過1000行數據的表
mysql> select concat(table_schema,'.',table_name) as table_name,table_rows
-> from information_schema.tables where table_rows > 1000
-> order by table_rows desc;
+----------------------------------+------------+
| table_name | table_rows |
+----------------------------------+------------+
| bugs.series_data | 52778 |
| bugs.bugs_activity | 26436 |
| bugs.longdescs | 21473 |
| bugs.email_setting | 5370 |
| bugs.attachments | 4714 |
| bugs.attach_data | 4651 |
| bugs.cc | 4031 |
| bugs.bugs | 2190 |
| bugs.namedqueries_link_in_footer | 1228 |
+----------------------------------+------------+
9 rows in set (0.04 sec)
3. 查詢所有沒有主鍵的表
This example gives a list of all the tables without primary key.
SELECT CONCAT(t.table_name,".",t.table_schema) as table_name
FROM information_schema.TABLES t
LEFT JOIN information_schema.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS tc
ON t.table_schema = tc.table_schema
AND t.table_name = tc.table_name
AND tc.constraint_type = 'PRIMARY KEY'
WHERE tc.constraint_name IS NULL
AND t.table_type = 'BASE TABLE';
4. 實現表的歷史數據information_schema
Putting the MySQL information_schema to Use article implements a history database using the information schema. The first half of this article describes the requirements for the history database, and a generic design to implement it. The second half describes the stepwise construction of code-generator that creates the SQL to construct and load the history database. The code-generator is driven by the information schema and some features of the information schema are discussed in detail.
5. 查詢5個最大表
mysql> SELECT concat(table_schema,'.',table_name) table_name,
-> concat(round(data_length/(1024*1024),2),'M') data_length
-> FROM information_schema.TABLES
-> ORDER BY data_length DESC LIMIT 5;
+--------------------+-------------+
| table_name | data_length |
+--------------------+-------------+
| bugs.attach_data | 706.89M |
| bugs.longdescs | 3.45M |
| bugs.bugs_activity | 1.45M |
| bugs.series_data | 0.75M |
| bugs.attachments | 0.51M |
+--------------------+-------------+
5 rows in set (0.05 sec)
