[自制簡單操作系統] 2、鼠標及鍵盤中斷處理事件[PIC\GDT\IDT\FIFO]

 

 

1、大致介紹：

>_<" 大致執行順序是：ipl10.nas->asmhead.nas->bootpack.c

PS: 這里bootpack.c要調用graphic.c、dsctbl.c、fifo.c、int.c實現功能，其中有些函數還必須匯編來寫，所以單獨寫一個匯編文件naskfunc.nas,為了方便看全部函數和結構體，所以寫一個bootpack.h來寫一些結構體和函數聲明~

>_<" 下面是編譯圖解：最終生成的haribote.img可放在軟盤來啟動電腦，加載操作系統~

OBJS_BOOTPACK = bootpack.obj naskfunc.obj hankaku.obj graphic.obj dsctbl.obj \
        int.obj fifo.obj

TOOLPATH = ../z_tools/
INCPATH  = ../z_tools/haribote/

MAKE     = $(TOOLPATH)make.exe -r
NASK     = $(TOOLPATH)nask.exe
CC1      = $(TOOLPATH)cc1.exe -I$(INCPATH) -Os -Wall -quiet
GAS2NASK = $(TOOLPATH)gas2nask.exe -a
OBJ2BIM  = $(TOOLPATH)obj2bim.exe
MAKEFONT = $(TOOLPATH)makefont.exe
BIN2OBJ  = $(TOOLPATH)bin2obj.exe
BIM2HRB  = $(TOOLPATH)bim2hrb.exe
RULEFILE = $(TOOLPATH)haribote/haribote.rul
EDIMG    = $(TOOLPATH)edimg.exe
IMGTOL   = $(TOOLPATH)imgtol.com
COPY     = copy
DEL      = del

# 設置默認命令為產生img

default :
    $(MAKE) img

# 正常執行過程
# 將ipl10.nas編譯為ipl10.bin文件
ipl10.bin : ipl10.nas Makefile
    $(NASK) ipl10.nas ipl10.bin ipl10.lst

# 將asmhead.asm編譯為asmhead.bin
asmhead.bin : asmhead.nas Makefile
    $(NASK) asmhead.nas asmhead.bin asmhead.lst

# 將字庫hankaku.txt編譯為hankaku.bin
hankaku.bin : hankaku.txt Makefile
    $(MAKEFONT) hankaku.txt hankaku.bin

# 將字庫轉換為.obj
hankaku.obj : hankaku.bin Makefile
    $(BIN2OBJ) hankaku.bin hankaku.obj _hankaku

# 將OBJS_BOOTPACK的obj編譯為.bim映像文件，這里的前提條件是有OBJS_BOOTPACK，所以會自動執行把naskfunc.nas和其它.c文件編譯為obj文件
bootpack.bim : $(OBJS_BOOTPACK) Makefile
    $(OBJ2BIM) @$(RULEFILE) out:bootpack.bim stack:3136k map:bootpack.map \
        $(OBJS_BOOTPACK)
# 3MB+64KB=3136KB

# 將bootpack.bim映像編譯為.hrb文件
bootpack.hrb : bootpack.bim Makefile
    $(BIM2HRB) bootpack.bim bootpack.hrb 0

# 將.hrb映像和asmhead.bin 合並做成haribote.sys系統文件
haribote.sys : asmhead.bin bootpack.hrb Makefile
    copy /B asmhead.bin+bootpack.hrb haribote.sys

# 把ipl10.bin和haribote.sys結合做成操作系統文件haribote.img
haribote.img : ipl10.bin haribote.sys Makefile
    $(EDIMG)   imgin:../z_tools/fdimg0at.tek \
        wbinimg src:ipl10.bin len:512 from:0 to:0 \
        copy from:haribote.sys to:@: \
        imgout:haribote.img

# 對c文件進行編譯
# 把.c文件編譯為.gas文件，需要.c bootpack.h 和 Makefile文件，然后調用cc1.exe進行處理
%.gas : %.c bootpack.h Makefile
    $(CC1) -o $*.gas $*.c

# 把.gas文件轉換為.nas文件，其他類似上面的說明
%.nas : %.gas Makefile
    $(GAS2NASK) $*.gas $*.nas

# 把.nas轉為.obj文件並輸出.lst文件
%.obj : %.nas Makefile
    $(NASK) $*.nas $*.obj $*.lst

# 根據不同的命令分別執行下面的情況，默認為img

img :
    $(MAKE) haribote.img

run :
    $(MAKE) img
    $(COPY) haribote.img ..\z_tools\qemu\fdimage0.bin
    $(MAKE) -C ../z_tools/qemu

install :
    $(MAKE) img
    $(IMGTOL) w a: haribote.img

clean :
    -$(DEL) *.bin
    -$(DEL) *.lst
    -$(DEL) *.obj
    -$(DEL) bootpack.map
    -$(DEL) bootpack.bim
    -$(DEL) bootpack.hrb
    -$(DEL) haribote.sys

src_only :
    $(MAKE) clean
    -$(DEL) haribote.img

>_<" 此外還需要一個make.bat的腳本程序，這樣把相應的編譯器和上面的文件放到對應的位置（參看Makefile文件），運行DOS窗口輸入：make run就能直接編譯，打包，導入，運行在虛擬機上了~為了在UE上調試方便，我把make run命令也寫成了腳本.bat，這樣可在UE中直接調試運行~

..\z_tools\make.exe %1 %2 %3 %4 %5 %6 %7 %8 %9

@ECHO OFF 
cd/d C:\Users\LiTao\Desktop\30OS\aaaa\A20110738\tolset\副本
make run

 

---

 

2、代碼詳解：

; haribote-ipl
; TAB=4
CYLS    EQU        10                ; 定義讀的柱面數
        ORG        0x7c00            ; 指明程序裝載地址

; 以下這段是FAT12格式軟盤專用代碼  0x7c00--0x7dff 125字節 用於啟動區
        JMP        entry
        DB        0x90
        DB        "HARIBOTE"         ; 啟動區的名字可以是任意的，但必須是8字節
        DW        512                ; 每個扇區(sector)的大小必須為512字節
        DB        1                  ; 簇(cluster)的大小必須為1個扇區
        DW        1                  ; FAT的起始位置(一般從第一個扇區開始)
        DB        2                  ; FAT的個數(必須為2)
        DW        224                ; 根目錄的大小(一般設為244項)
        DW        2880               ; 該磁盤的的大小(必須為2880扇區)
        DB        0xf0               ; 磁盤的種類(必須為0xfd)
        DW        9                  ; FAT的長度(必須為9扇區)
        DW        18                 ; 一個磁道(track)有幾個扇區(必須為18)
        DW        2                  ; 磁頭數(必須為2)
        DD        0                  ; 不使用分區(必須為0)
        DD        2880               ; 重寫一次磁盤大小
        DB        0,0,0x29           ; 意義不明，固定
        DD        0xffffffff         ; (可能是)卷標號碼
        DB        "HARIBOTEOS "      ; 磁盤名稱(11字節)
        DB        "FAT12   "         ; 磁盤格式名稱(8字節)
        RESB    18                   ; 先騰出18字節

; 程序核心
entry:
        MOV        AX,0              ; 初始化寄存器
        MOV        SS,AX
        MOV        SP,0x7c00
        MOV        DS,AX

; 讀磁盤(從軟盤中讀數據裝到內存中0x8200--0x83ff  125字節的地方)
        MOV        AX,0x0820         ; ES:BX=緩沖地址
        MOV        ES,AX
        MOV        CH,0              ; 柱面0
        MOV        DH,0              ; 磁頭0
        MOV        CL,2              ; 扇區2   
readloop:        
        MOv     SI,0                 ; 記錄失敗次數的寄存器
retry:
        MOV        AH,0x02           ; AH=0x02 : 讀盤
        MOV        AL,1              ; 1個扇區
        MOV        BX,0
        MOV        DL,0x00           ; A驅動器
        INT        0x13              ; 調用磁盤BIOS
        JNC     next                 ; 沒出錯就跳轉到next繼續讀下一個做准備
        ADD     SI,1                 ; SI++
        CMP     SI,5                 ; 比較SI和5
        JAE     error                ; SI>=5時，跳轉到error
        MOV     AH,0x00
        MOV     DL,0x00              ; A驅動器
        INT     0x13                 ; 重置驅動器
        JMP     retry           
next:   
        MOV     AX,ES                ; 把內存地址后移0x200
        ADD     AX,0x0020
        MOV     ES,AX                ; 因為沒有ADD ES,0x200指令，所以這里繞個彎
        ADD     CL,1                 ; 往CL里加1 (所讀扇區標號，開始是2，見初始化部分)
        CMP     CL,18                ; 和18比較 
        JBE     readloop             ; 小於18就跳轉到readloop繼續讀 
        MOV     CL,1                 ; 扇區1
        ADD     DH,1                 ; 磁頭+1
        CMP     DH,2                 ; 判斷磁頭是否超過2
        JB      readloop             ; 沒有超過就繼續讀
        MOV     DH,0                 ; 超過2就轉為0
        ADD     CH,1                 ; CH記錄讀取的柱面數
        CMP     CH,CYLS              ; CYLS在前面定義 CYLS EQU 10
        JB      readloop

; 磁盤內容裝載內容的結束地址告訴haribote.sys
        MOV        [0x0ff0],CH       ; 將CYLS的值寫到內存地址0x0ff0中 
        JMP        0xc200        

error:
        MOV        SI,msg            ; 循環輸出msg里面的內容     
        
putloop:
        MOV        AL,[SI]
        ADD        SI,1              ; 給SI加1
        CMP        AL,0
        JE        fin
        MOV        AH,0x0e           ; 顯示一個文字
        MOV        BX,15             ; 指定字符顏色
        INT        0x10              ; 調用顯卡BIOS
        JMP        putloop                       
fin:
        HLT                          ; 讓CPU停止等待指令
        JMP        fin               ; 無限循環
        
msg:
        DB        0x0a, 0x0a         ; 換行2次
        DB        "load error"
        DB        0x0a               ; 換行
        DB        0

        RESB    0x7dfe-$             ; 0x7dfe傑偱傪0x00偱杽傔傞柦椷

        DB        0x55, 0xaa

PS: 負責讀盤到內存，讀完盤之后跳轉到0xc200處，即asmhead.nas

; haribote-os boot asm
; TAB=4

BOTPAK    EQU        0x00280000        ; bootpack的內存首址
DSKCAC    EQU        0x00100000        ; 
DSKCAC0    EQU        0x00008000        ; 

; BOOT_INFO相關
CYLS    EQU        0x0ff0            ; 設定啟動區
LEDS    EQU        0x0ff1
VMODE    EQU        0x0ff2            ; 關於顏色的信息顏色的位數
SCRNX    EQU        0x0ff4            ; 分辨率X
SCRNY    EQU        0x0ff6            ; 分辨率Y
VRAM    EQU        0x0ff8            ; 圖像緩沖區的開始地址

        ORG        0xc200            ; 這個程序要裝在到什么位置,在ipl10讀盤結束的地方轉到該處

        MOV        AL,0x13            ; VGA顯卡，320X200X8位色彩
        MOV        AH,0x00
        INT        0x10
        MOV        BYTE [VMODE],8    ; 記錄畫面模式
        MOV        WORD [SCRNX],320
        MOV        WORD [SCRNY],200
        MOV        DWORD [VRAM],0x000a0000

; 用BIOS獲得鍵盤上各種LED指示燈的狀態
        MOV        AH,0x02
        INT        0x16             ; keyboard BIOS
        MOV        [LEDS],AL

; PIC關閉一切中斷
;        根據AT兼容機的規格，如果要初始化PIC(Programmable Interrupt Controller)
;        必須在CLI之前進行，否則有時會掛起
;        隨后進行PIC的初始化
;   這段等價於：
;            io_out8(PIC0_IMR,0xff);禁止主PIC的中斷
;            io_out8(PIC1_IMR,0xff);禁止從PIC的中斷
;            io_cli();禁止CPU級中斷

        MOV        AL,0xff
        OUT        0x21,AL
        NOP                        ; 如果連續執行OUT指令有些機種會無法執行
        OUT        0xa1,AL

        CLI                        ; 禁止CPU級別中斷

; 為了讓CPU訪問1MB以上的內存空間，設定A20GATE
; 相當於
;        #define KEYCMD_WRITE_OUTPORT 0xd1
;        #define KBC_OUTPORT_A20G_ENABLE 0xdf
;        wait_KBC_sendready();
;        io_out8(PORT_KEYCMD,KEYCMD_WRITE_OUTPORT);
;        wait_KBC_sendready();
;        io_out8(PORT_KEYDAT,KBC_OUTPORT_A20G_ENABLE);
;        wait_KBC_sendready();
;    該程序和init_keyboard完全相同，僅僅是向鍵盤控制電路發送指令，這里發送的指令，是指令鍵盤控制電路的附屬端口輸出0xdf
; 這個附屬端口，連接着主板上的很多地方，通過這個端口發送不同的命令，就可以實現各種各樣的控制功能了
;    這次輸出所要完成的功能，是讓A20GATE信號變成ON狀態，是讓1MB以上的內存變成可用狀態

        CALL    waitkbdout
        MOV        AL,0xd1
        OUT        0x64,AL
        CALL    waitkbdout
        MOV        AL,0xdf            ; enable A20
        OUT        0x60,AL
        CALL    waitkbdout

; 切換保護模式
; INSTRSET指令是為了386以后的LGDT,EAX,CR0
; LGDT指令把隨意准備的GDT讀出來，對於這個暫定的GDT我們今后還要重新設定，然后將CR0這一特殊的32位寄存器的值帶入EAX
;    並將高位置0，低位置1，再將這個值返回給CR0,這就完成了模式轉化，進入到不用頒的保護模式。
; CR0是control register 0是一個非常重要的寄存器,只有操作系統才能操作它
; protected virtual address mode 受保護的虛擬內存地址模式，在該模式下，應用程序不能隨便改變段的設定，又不能使用操作系統的段。操作系統受CPU保護
; 在保護模式中主要有受保護的16位模式和受保護的32位模式，我們要使用的是受保護的32位模式
; 在講解CPU的書上會寫到，通過帶入CR0而切換到保護模式時，馬上就執行JMP指令。所以我們也執行這一指令。為什么要jmp呢？因為變成保護模式后，機器語言的解釋發生變化，
; CPU為了加快指令的執行速度而使用了管道(pipeline)這一機制，也就是說前一條指令還在執行時，就開始解釋下一條甚至是再下一條指令，因為模式變了就要重新解釋一遍，so..
; 而且在程序中，進入保護模式后，段寄存器的意思也變了(不是*16再加算的意思)，除了CS以外所有的段寄存器的值都從0x0000變成了0x0008.CS保持不變是因為CS如果變了就亂了
; 所以只有CS要放到后面處理。這里的0x0008相當於gdt+1的段

[INSTRSET "i486p"]                ; ”想要使用486指令"的敘述

        LGDT    [GDTR0]            ; 設定臨時的GDT(Global Descriptor Table)
        MOV        EAX,CR0
        AND        EAX,0x7fffffff    ; 設bit31為0(為了禁止頒)
        OR        EAX,0x00000001    ; 設bit0為1(為了切換保護模式)
        MOV        CR0,EAX
        JMP        pipelineflush
pipelineflush:
        MOV        AX,1*8            ;  可讀寫的段32bit
        MOV        DS,AX
        MOV        ES,AX
        MOV        FS,AX
        MOV        GS,AX
        MOV        SS,AX

; bootpack傳送
; 簡單來說，這部分只是在調用memcpy函數(大概意思是：下面表達僅為了說明意思，可能不正確)
; memcpy(轉送源地址    ,轉送目的地址,轉送數據大小);大小用雙字，所以用字節/4、
; memcpy(bootpack        ,BOTPAK            ,512*1024/4                        );//從bootpack的地址開始的512kb內容復制到0x00280000號地去[512kb比bootpack.hrb大很多]
;    memcpy(0x7c00            ,DSKCAC            ,512/4                                );//從0x7c00復制512字節到0x10000000是將啟動扇區復制到1MB以后的內存去，[啟動區的0x00007c00-0x00007dff，125字節]
;    memcpy(DSKCAC+512    ,DSKCAC+512    ,cyls*512*18*2/4-512/4);//從始於磁盤0x00008200的內容，復制到0x00100200內存去[從磁盤讀取數據裝到0x8200后的地方]
; bootpack是asmhead的最后一個標簽，因為.sys是通過asmhead.bin和bootpack.hrb連接而成，所以asmhead結束的地方就是bootpack.hrb最開始地方
        MOV        ESI,bootpack    ; 轉送源
        MOV        EDI,BOTPAK      ; 轉送目的地
        MOV        ECX,512*1024/4
        CALL    memcpy

; 磁盤的數據最終轉送到它本來的位置去

; 首先從啟動扇區開始

        MOV        ESI,0x7c00        ; 轉送源
        MOV        EDI,DSKCAC        ; 轉送目的地
        MOV        ECX,512/4
        CALL    memcpy

; 所有剩下的

        MOV        ESI,DSKCAC0+512    ; 轉送源
        MOV        EDI,DSKCAC+512    ; 轉送目的地
        MOV        ECX,0
        MOV        CL,BYTE [CYLS]
        IMUL    ECX,512*18*2/4    ; 從柱面數轉為字節數/4
        SUB        ECX,512/4        ; 減去IPL
        CALL    memcpy

; 必須由asmhead來完成，至此全部完畢
; 以后就交給bootpack來完成

; bootpack的啟動
; 還是執行memecpy程序，將bootpack.hrb第0x10c8字節開始的0x11a8字節復制到0x00310000號地址去
; 最后將0x310000代入到ESP中，然后用一個特殊的JMP指令，將2*8代入到CS里，同時移動到0x1b號地址，這里的0x1b是指第二個段的0x1b號地址
; 第2個段的基址是0x280000,所以是從0x28001b開始執行，即bootpack.hrb的0x1b號地址
        MOV        EBX,BOTPAK
        MOV        ECX,[EBX+16]
        ADD        ECX,3            ; ECX += 3;
        SHR        ECX,2            ; ECX /= 4;
        JZ        skip            ; 沒有要轉送的東西時
        MOV        ESI,[EBX+20]    ; 轉送源
        ADD        ESI,EBX
        MOV        EDI,[EBX+12]    ; 轉送目的地
        CALL    memcpy
skip:
        MOV        ESP,[EBX+12]    ; 棧初始值
        JMP        DWORD 2*8:0x0000001b
;----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
;內存分配：
; 0x00000000-0x000fffff:雖然在啟動中會多次使用，但之后就會變空(1M)
; 0x00100000-0x00267fff:用於保存軟盤的內容(1440KB)
;    0x00268000-0x0026f7ff:空(30KB)
; 0x0026f800-0x0026ffff:IDT(2KB)
; 0x00270000-0x0027ffff:GDT(64KB)
; 0x00280000-0x002fffff:bootpack.hrb(512KB)
; 0x00300000-0x003fffff:棧及其他(1MB)
; 0x00400000-                     :空
;----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

; 和wait_KBC_sendready相同，但加入了0x60號設備進行IN處理，也就是如果控制器里有鍵盤代碼，或已經積累了鼠標數據，就順便讀出來
waitkbdout:
        IN         AL,0x64
        AND         AL,0x02
        JNZ        waitkbdout        ; AND偺寢壥偑0偱側偗傟偽waitkbdout傊
        RET

; 復制程序
memcpy:
        MOV        EAX,[ESI]
        ADD        ESI,4
        MOV        [EDI],EAX
        ADD        EDI,4
        SUB        ECX,1
        JNZ        memcpy            ; 減法運算的結果如果不是0，就跳轉到memcpy
        RET

; GDT0也是一種特定的GDT,0是空區域(null sector),不能在那里定義段，1號和2號分別由下式設定：
; set_segmdesc(gdt + 1, 0xffffffff,   0x00000000, AR_DATA32_RW);//設定全局段
; set_segmdesc(gdt + 2, LIMIT_BOTPAK, ADR_BOTPAK, AR_CODE32_ER);//設定bootpack512字節的段

        ALIGNB    16;一直添加DBO，直到地址能被16整除，如果GDT0地址不是8的倍數就會慢一些，所以...
GDT0:                
        RESB    8                ; NULL selector
        DW        0xffff,0x0000,0x9200,0x00cf    ; 可以讀寫的段(segment) 32bit
        DW        0xffff,0x0000,0x9a28,0x0047    ; 可執行的段(segment) 32bit (bootpack用)

        DW        0
GDTR0:            ;是LGDT指令，通知GDT0有了GDT,在GDT0寫入了16位的段上限和32位段其實地址
        DW        8*3-1
        DD        GDT0

        ALIGNB    16
bootpack:

; 也就是說，最初的狀態時，GDT在asmhead.nas里並不在0x00270000-0x0027ffff的范圍里。IDT連設定都沒設定，所以仍處於中斷禁止狀態
; 應當趁着硬件上積累過多的數據而產生的錯誤之前，盡快開放中斷，接受數據。因此，在bootpack.c的hariMain里，應該在進行調色板的
; 初始化之前及畫面准備之前，趕緊重新建立GDT和IDT,初始化PIC,並執行io_sti();

PS: 負責顯示模式及分辨率設置及從16位轉換為32位保護模式，是c語言和匯編語言的橋梁，所以稱為asmhead文件，執行到最后就轉到bootpack.c的主函數

/* bootpack文件*/

#include "bootpack.h"
#include <stdio.h>

struct MOUSE_DEC {//鼠標移動結構體
    unsigned char buf[3], phase;
    int x, y, btn;//鼠標移動距離，鼠標點擊信息[低3位從高到低依次：LMR]
};

extern struct FIFO8 keyfifo, mousefifo;
void enable_mouse(struct MOUSE_DEC *mdec);//使能鼠標
void init_keyboard(void);//初始化鍵盤
int mouse_decode(struct MOUSE_DEC *mdec, unsigned char dat);//鼠標消息處理

void HariMain(void)
{
    struct BOOTINFO *binfo = (struct BOOTINFO *) ADR_BOOTINFO;
    char s[40], mcursor[256], keybuf[32], mousebuf[128];
    int mx, my, i;
    struct MOUSE_DEC mdec;

    init_gdtidt();//在dsctbl.c中，負責分區和中斷分區初始化[包括鍵盤和鼠標中斷設定]
    init_pic();//在int.c中，負責中斷初始化（硬件）
    io_sti(); //在naskfunc.nas中，僅僅執行STI指令，是CLI的逆指令，前者是開中斷，后者是禁止中斷
    fifo8_init(&keyfifo, 32, keybuf);//在fifo.c中，負責緩沖區初始化（緩沖區結構體，大小，緩沖區首址）
    fifo8_init(&mousefifo, 128, mousebuf);
    /*這里IMR是(interrupt mask register),意思是“中斷屏蔽寄存器”，是8位寄存器，分別對應8路IRQ信號，如果一路是1則該路被屏蔽
    因為鍵盤中斷是IRQ1,鼠標中斷是IRQ12,且PIC分主從2個，從PIC連接主PIC的IRQ2,所以想要有鼠標和鍵盤中斷，要PIC0的IRQ1和IRQ2，和PIC1的IRQ4*/
    io_out8(PIC0_IMR, 0xf9); 
    io_out8(PIC1_IMR, 0xef); 

    init_keyboard();//在這個文件夾內：鼠標和鍵盤模式設置

    init_palette();//在文件graphic.c里,初始化調色板，建立靜態16個顏色映射，然后調用set_palette進行設置
    init_screen8(binfo->vram, binfo->scrnx, binfo->scrny);//在文件graphic.c里,初始化屏幕，畫矩形，形成最初的窗口界面
    mx = (binfo->scrnx - 16) / 2; /* 畫面中央的坐標計算 */
    my = (binfo->scrny - 28 - 16) / 2;
    init_mouse_cursor8(mcursor, COL8_008484);//在文件graphic.c里,存放鼠標顏色信息的字符指針，窗口背景顏色
    putblock8_8(binfo->vram, binfo->scrnx, 16, 16, mx, my, mcursor, 16);//在文件graphic.c里,繪制鼠標
    sprintf(s, "(%3d, %3d)", mx, my);//將鼠標位置坐標轉換為字符串s
    putfonts8_asc(binfo->vram, binfo->scrnx, 0, 0, COL8_FFFFFF, s);//在文件graphic.c里,顯示字符串在0,0位置

    enable_mouse(&mdec);//使能鼠標，在本文件內

    for (;;) {
        io_cli();//關閉中斷，匯編函數
        if (fifo8_status(&keyfifo) + fifo8_status(&mousefifo) == 0) {//如果鍵盤和鼠標的緩沖區里沒有數據就SLT什么都不做並且STI恢復中斷
            io_stihlt();
        } else {//如果緩沖區中有數據
            if (fifo8_status(&keyfifo) != 0) {
                i = fifo8_get(&keyfifo);//獲取一個數據FIFO
                io_sti();//開中斷，匯編函數
                sprintf(s, "%02X", i);//轉換為字符串
                boxfill8(binfo->vram, binfo->scrnx, COL8_008484,  0, 16, 15, 31);//在graphic.c文件中，填充VRAM實現畫矩形操作，負責清屏操作[這一塊]
                putfonts8_asc(binfo->vram, binfo->scrnx, 0, 16, COL8_FFFFFF, s);//顯示字符串
            } else if (fifo8_status(&mousefifo) != 0) {
                i = fifo8_get(&mousefifo);
                io_sti();
                if (mouse_decode(&mdec, i) != 0) {//對鼠標移動消息進行處理[這里比較特殊，在本文件夾內]
                    sprintf(s, "[lcr %4d %4d]", mdec.x, mdec.y);//將鼠標坐標和lcr信息封裝成字符串待輸出，這里的x,y是移動距離
                    if ((mdec.btn & 0x01) != 0) {//通過判斷，將點擊事件的字符改為大寫
                        s[1] = 'L';
                    }
                    if ((mdec.btn & 0x02) != 0) {
                        s[3] = 'R';
                    }
                    if ((mdec.btn & 0x04) != 0) {
                        s[2] = 'C';
                    }
                    boxfill8(binfo->vram, binfo->scrnx, COL8_008484, 32, 16, 32 + 15 * 8 - 1, 31);//輸出鼠標移動消息
                    putfonts8_asc(binfo->vram, binfo->scrnx, 32, 16, COL8_FFFFFF, s);
                    //鼠標指針移動
                    boxfill8(binfo->vram, binfo->scrnx, COL8_008484, mx, my, mx + 15, my + 15); /*隱藏鼠標*/
                    mx += mdec.x;//計算當前鼠標的位置
                    my += mdec.y;
                    if (mx < 0) {//超屏控制
                        mx = 0;
                    }
                    if (my < 0) {
                        my = 0;
                    }
                    if (mx > binfo->scrnx - 16) {
                        mx = binfo->scrnx - 16;
                    }
                    if (my > binfo->scrny - 16) {
                        my = binfo->scrny - 16;
                    }
                    sprintf(s, "(%3d, %3d)", mx, my);
                    boxfill8(binfo->vram, binfo->scrnx, COL8_008484, 0, 0, 79, 15); /*隱藏鼠標坐標消息*/
                    putfonts8_asc(binfo->vram, binfo->scrnx, 0, 0, COL8_FFFFFF, s); /*顯示鼠標坐標消息*/
                    putblock8_8(binfo->vram, binfo->scrnx, 16, 16, mx, my, mcursor, 16); /*顯示鼠標*/
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

#define PORT_KEYDAT                0x0060
#define PORT_KEYSTA                0x0064
#define PORT_KEYCMD                0x0064
#define KEYSTA_SEND_NOTREADY    0x02
#define KEYCMD_WRITE_MODE        0x60
#define KBC_MODE                0x47

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//功能：等待鍵盤控制電路准備完畢
//參數：無
//附加：如果鍵盤控制電路可以接受CPU指令，CPU從設備號碼0x0064處所讀取的數據的倒數第二位應該是0，否則就一種循環等待
void wait_KBC_sendready(void)
{
    for (;;) {
        if ((io_in8(PORT_KEYSTA) & KEYSTA_SEND_NOTREADY) == 0) {
            break;
        }
    }
    return;
}
void init_keyboard(void)//初始化鍵盤控制電路
{
    wait_KBC_sendready();//讓鍵盤控制電路做好准備，等待控制指令的到來
    io_out8(PORT_KEYCMD, KEYCMD_WRITE_MODE);//鍵盤模式設置指令
    wait_KBC_sendready();
    io_out8(PORT_KEYDAT, KBC_MODE);//鼠標模式設置指令
    return;
}

#define KEYCMD_SENDTO_MOUSE        0xd4
#define MOUSECMD_ENABLE            0xf4
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//功能：使能鼠標
//參數：
//附加：這個函數和init_keyboard十分相似，不同的在於輸入的數據不同
//如果向鍵盤控制電路發送指令0xd4,下一數據就會自動發送給鼠標，利用這一特性來發送激活鼠標的指令
//其中答復消息為0xfa
void enable_mouse(struct MOUSE_DEC *mdec)
{
    wait_KBC_sendready();//讓鍵盤控制電路做好准備，等待控制指令的到來
    io_out8(PORT_KEYCMD, KEYCMD_SENDTO_MOUSE);
    wait_KBC_sendready();
    io_out8(PORT_KEYDAT, MOUSECMD_ENABLE);
    mdec->phase = 0;
    return;
}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//功能：鼠標信息解碼程序，把信息保存在鼠標結構體中
//參數：鼠標結構體，從緩沖區讀取的數據
//附加：首先把最初讀到的0xfa舍掉，之后從鼠標那里送過來的數據都應該是3個字節一組的，所以每當數據累計3字節時候就作相應處理[這里返回1]
//最后將鼠標的點擊信息放在btn中，將鼠標的移動信息保存在x,y中
int mouse_decode(struct MOUSE_DEC *mdec, unsigned char dat)
{
    if (mdec->phase == 0) {
        /*等待鼠標的0xfa狀態*/
        if (dat == 0xfa) {
            mdec->phase = 1;
        }
        return 0;
    }
    if (mdec->phase == 1) {
        /*等待鼠標的第一字節*/
        if ((dat & 0xc8) == 0x08) {
            /* 正しい1バイト目だった */
            mdec->buf[0] = dat;
            mdec->phase = 2;
        }
        return 0;
    }
    if (mdec->phase == 2) {
        /*等待鼠標的第二字節*/
        mdec->buf[1] = dat;
        mdec->phase = 3;
        return 0;
    }
    if (mdec->phase == 3) {
        /*等待鼠標的第三字節，並作處理*/
        mdec->buf[2] = dat;
        mdec->phase = 1;//注意這里是恢復到1不是0，見附加說明，剛開始舍去0xfa以后每次3字節
        /*下面是根據buf的3個數據進行計算鼠標信息
        這里btn是buf[0]的低3位，最低位表示鼠標左擊，中間表示鼠標中間被擊，第3位表示鼠標右擊
        鼠標的x,和y坐標基本和buf[1],buf[2]相等，但是要根據buf[0]的前半部分作相應的變化：要么第8位及8位以后的全部設成1，或全部保留為0
        */
        mdec->btn = mdec->buf[0] & 0x07;
        mdec->x = mdec->buf[1];
        mdec->y = mdec->buf[2];
        if ((mdec->buf[0] & 0x10) != 0) {
            mdec->x |= 0xffffff00;
        }
        if ((mdec->buf[0] & 0x20) != 0) {
            mdec->y |= 0xffffff00;
        }
        mdec->y = - mdec->y; /* 因為鼠標和屏幕的方向恰好相反，所以這里取反*/
        return 1;
    }
    return -1; 
}

/* In this file, not only have the defination of the function, but also 
hava the description of where the function is.*/

/* asmhead.nas */
struct BOOTINFO { /* 0x0ff0-0x0fff */
    char cyls; /* what's the end of the start zone read the data */
    char leds; /* when boot,the LED's state of the keyboard */
    char vmode; /* GPU mode:how many bits of color */
    char reserve;
    short scrnx, scrny; /* resolution */
    char *vram;
};
#define ADR_BOOTINFO    0x00000ff0

/* naskfunc.nas */
void io_hlt(void);
void io_cli(void);
void io_sti(void);
void io_stihlt(void);
int io_in8(int port);
void io_out8(int port, int data);
int io_load_eflags(void);
void io_store_eflags(int eflags);
void load_gdtr(int limit, int addr);
void load_idtr(int limit, int addr);
void asm_inthandler21(void);
void asm_inthandler27(void);
void asm_inthandler2c(void);

/* fifo.c */
struct FIFO8 {//FIFO緩沖區數據結構
    unsigned char *buf;//緩沖區
    int p, q, size, free, flags;//下一個數據的寫入地址，下一個數據的讀出地址，緩沖區的大小，free是緩沖區沒有數據的字節數，flag是是否溢出
};
void fifo8_init(struct FIFO8 *fifo, int size, unsigned char *buf);
int fifo8_put(struct FIFO8 *fifo, unsigned char data);
int fifo8_get(struct FIFO8 *fifo);
int fifo8_status(struct FIFO8 *fifo);

/* graphic.c */
void init_palette(void);
void set_palette(int start, int end, unsigned char *rgb);
void boxfill8(unsigned char *vram, int xsize, unsigned char c, int x0, int y0, int x1, int y1);
void init_screen8(char *vram, int x, int y);
void putfont8(char *vram, int xsize, int x, int y, char c, char *font);
void putfonts8_asc(char *vram, int xsize, int x, int y, char c, unsigned char *s);
void init_mouse_cursor8(char *mouse, char bc);
void putblock8_8(char *vram, int vxsize, int pxsize,
    int pysize, int px0, int py0, char *buf, int bxsize);
#define COL8_000000        0
#define COL8_FF0000        1
#define COL8_00FF00        2
#define COL8_FFFF00        3
#define COL8_0000FF        4
#define COL8_FF00FF        5
#define COL8_00FFFF        6
#define COL8_FFFFFF        7
#define COL8_C6C6C6        8
#define COL8_840000        9
#define COL8_008400        10
#define COL8_848400        11
#define COL8_000084        12
#define COL8_840084        13
#define COL8_008484        14
#define COL8_848484        15

/* dsctbl.c about GDT IDT that's Global Descriptor Table and Interrupt Descriptor Table*/
struct SEGMENT_DESCRIPTOR {//8 bytes segment infomation,total 8192 parts [here similar to the method of the setting palette] 
    short limit_low, base_low;//address of segment base[high:mid:low=1:1:2]=4 bytes =32 bits
    char base_mid, access_right;//segment limit[high:low=1:2],only 20 bits = high byte's low 4 bits + low 2bytes' 16bits
    char limit_high, base_high;//segment property access[limit_high:right=1:1],only 12 bits = limit_high's high 4 bits + access_right's 8 bits
};
//PS 1):segment limit equals the number of GDT's effective bytes -1 
//PS 2):the segment limit just only has 20 bits, which can represent 1MB, and the segment property has 1 bit flag, 
//if this flag =1,and the limit's unit uses page to replace byte(here 1 page = 4kb) 
//PS 3):the segment property has 16 bits liking that:xxxx0000 xxxxxxxx 
//the high 4 bits are extended access
//the low 8 bits are:
//    0x00:unused description table
//    0x92:system exclusive,readable and writable,non-executable
//  0x9a:system exclusive,readable and non-writable,executable
//  0xf2:application useing,readable and writable,non-executable
//  0xfa:application useing,readable and non-writable,executable

struct GATE_DESCRIPTOR {//
    short offset_low, selector;
    char dw_count, access_right;
    short offset_high;
};
void init_gdtidt(void);
void set_segmdesc(struct SEGMENT_DESCRIPTOR *sd, unsigned int limit, int base, int ar);
void set_gatedesc(struct GATE_DESCRIPTOR *gd, int offset, int selector, int ar);
#define ADR_IDT            0x0026f800
#define LIMIT_IDT        0x000007ff
#define ADR_GDT            0x00270000
#define LIMIT_GDT        0x0000ffff
#define ADR_BOTPAK        0x00280000
#define LIMIT_BOTPAK    0x0007ffff
#define AR_DATA32_RW    0x4092
#define AR_CODE32_ER    0x409a
#define AR_INTGATE32    0x008e

/* int.c */
void init_pic(void);
void inthandler21(int *esp);
void inthandler27(int *esp);
void inthandler2c(int *esp);
#define PIC0_ICW1        0x0020
#define PIC0_OCW2        0x0020
#define PIC0_IMR        0x0021
#define PIC0_ICW2        0x0021
#define PIC0_ICW3        0x0021
#define PIC0_ICW4        0x0021
#define PIC1_ICW1        0x00a0
#define PIC1_OCW2        0x00a0
#define PIC1_IMR        0x00a1
#define PIC1_ICW2        0x00a1
#define PIC1_ICW3        0x00a1
#define PIC1_ICW4        0x00a1

PS: 主函數在此，做好初始化各種操作然后接收鍵盤和鼠標信息，並對鼠標信息進行解析，呈現在屏幕上，此外還有文字顯示（字庫），鼠標顯示，鼠標位置計算...這里用到了GDT和IDT，對消息的接收要用中斷，對消息的保存要用到FIFO緩沖區...

/* dsctbl.c GDT IDT分段及中斷相關 */

#include "bootpack.h"


/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//功能：
//參數：
//附件：
void init_gdtidt(void)
{
    /*在bootpack.h文件里面定義了分段結構體和中斷結構體，這里實例化gdt和idt*/
    struct SEGMENT_DESCRIPTOR *gdt = (struct SEGMENT_DESCRIPTOR *) ADR_GDT;//從0x00270000~0x0027ffff共8192個分段
    struct GATE_DESCRIPTOR    *idt = (struct GATE_DESCRIPTOR    *) ADR_IDT;//從0x0026f800~0x0026ffff共256個分段
    int i;

    /* GDT的初始化 */
    for (i = 0; i <= LIMIT_GDT / 8; i++) {
        set_segmdesc(gdt + i, 0, 0, 0);
    }
    //，上限，地址，屬性
    set_segmdesc(gdt + 1, 0xffffffff,   0x00000000, AR_DATA32_RW);//設定全局段
    set_segmdesc(gdt + 2, LIMIT_BOTPAK, ADR_BOTPAK, AR_CODE32_ER);//設定bootpack512字節的段
    /* ;1) 這個函數用來指定的段上限和地址賦值給GDTR的48位寄存器，這是個很特殊的寄存器，並不能用MOV來直接賦值
    ;，唯一的方法就是指定一個內存地址，從指定的內存地址讀取6字節（也就是48位），然后賦值給GDTR寄存器。完成這一任務的指令就是LGDT
    ;2) 該寄存器的低16位（即內存的最初的2個字節）是段上限，它等於“GDT的有效的字節數-1”，剩下的32位，代表GDT的開始地址
    ;3) 這里2個參數是ESP+4和ESP+8里存放，而我們要的是6字節形式的，所以要轉換為我們想要的形式~ */
    load_gdtr(LIMIT_GDT, ADR_GDT);

    /* IDT的初始化 */
    for (i = 0; i <= LIMIT_IDT / 8; i++) {
        set_gatedesc(idt + i, 0, 0, 0);
    }
    load_idtr(LIMIT_IDT, ADR_IDT);

    /* IDT的設定 */
    set_gatedesc(idt + 0x21, (int) asm_inthandler21, 2 * 8, AR_INTGATE32);
    set_gatedesc(idt + 0x27, (int) asm_inthandler27, 2 * 8, AR_INTGATE32);
    set_gatedesc(idt + 0x2c, (int) asm_inthandler2c, 2 * 8, AR_INTGATE32);
    /*這里asm_inthadler21注冊在idt的第0x21號，這樣如果發生了中斷，CPU就會自動調用asm_inthandler21.
    這里的2*8表示asm_inthandler21屬於哪一個段，即段號2，乘以8是因為低3位有別的意思，這低3位必須為0
    這里段號為2的段在初始化的地方我們設置為bootpack全局段
    最后的AR_INTGATE32將IDT的屬性，設定為0x008e,表示用於中斷處理的有效性
    */
    return;
}

void set_segmdesc(struct SEGMENT_DESCRIPTOR *sd, unsigned int limit, int base, int ar)
{
    if (limit > 0xfffff) {
        ar |= 0x8000; /* G_bit = 1 */
        limit /= 0x1000;
    }
    sd->limit_low    = limit & 0xffff;
    sd->base_low     = base & 0xffff;
    sd->base_mid     = (base >> 16) & 0xff;
    sd->access_right = ar & 0xff;
    sd->limit_high   = ((limit >> 16) & 0x0f) | ((ar >> 8) & 0xf0);
    sd->base_high    = (base >> 24) & 0xff;
    return;
}

void set_gatedesc(struct GATE_DESCRIPTOR *gd, int offset, int selector, int ar)
{
    gd->offset_low   = offset & 0xffff;
    gd->selector     = selector;
    gd->dw_count     = (ar >> 8) & 0xff;
    gd->access_right = ar & 0xff;
    gd->offset_high  = (offset >> 16) & 0xffff;
    return;
}

PS: GDT IDT分段及中斷相關,這里的分段和調色板的分段有異曲同工之妙~

/* 操作系統函數集合 */

#include "bootpack.h"

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//調色板相關
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//功能：初始化調色板，建立靜態16個顏色映射，然后調用set_palette進行設置
//參數：無
//附件：要調用set_palette函數
void init_palette(void)
{
     static unsigned char table_rgb[16 * 3] = {
        0x00, 0x00, 0x00,    /*  0:黑 */
        0xff, 0x00, 0x00,    /*  1:亮紅 */
        0x00, 0xff, 0x00,    /*  2:亮綠 */
        0xff, 0xff, 0x00,    /*  3:亮黃 */
        0x00, 0x00, 0xff,    /*  4:亮藍 */
        0xff, 0x00, 0xff,    /*  5:亮紫 */
        0x00, 0xff, 0xff,    /*  6:淺亮藍 */
        0xff, 0xff, 0xff,    /*  7:白 */
        0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6,    /*  8:亮灰 */
        0x84, 0x00, 0x00,    /*  9:暗紅 */
        0x00, 0x84, 0x00,    /* 10:暗綠 */
        0x84, 0x84, 0x00,    /* 11:暗黃 */
        0x00, 0x00, 0x84,    /* 12:暗青 */
        0x84, 0x00, 0x84,    /* 13:暗紫 */
        0x00, 0x84, 0x84,    /* 14:淺暗藍 */
        0x84, 0x84, 0x84    /* 15:暗灰 */
    };
    set_palette(0, 15, table_rgb);
    return;
    /*C語言中static char只能用於數據，就像匯編中的DB指令 */
}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//功能：初始化設置調色板
//參數：開始標號，結束標號，16*3的顏色表
//附加：關閉中斷，進行設置（要知道具體設置要求），恢復中斷
void set_palette(int start, int end, unsigned char *rgb)
{
    int i, eflags;
    eflags = io_load_eflags();    /* 記錄中斷許可標志 */
    io_cli();                     /* 將中斷許可標志置0，禁止中斷 */
    io_out8(0x03c8, start);
    for (i = start; i <= end; i++) {
        io_out8(0x03c9, rgb[0] / 4);
        io_out8(0x03c9, rgb[1] / 4);
        io_out8(0x03c9, rgb[2] / 4);
        rgb += 3;
    }
    io_store_eflags(eflags);    /* 恢復原中斷 */
    return;
}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//調色板相關
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//功能：填充VRAM實現畫矩形操作
//參數：VRAM初址，x軸像素，顏色標號，后面4個是位置矩形
void boxfill8(unsigned char *vram, int xsize, unsigned char c, int x0, int y0, int x1, int y1)
{
    int x, y;
    for (y = y0; y <= y1; y++) {
        for (x = x0; x <= x1; x++)
            vram[y * xsize + x] = c;
    }
    return;
}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//功能：初始化屏幕，畫矩形，形成最初的窗口界面
//參數：VRAM初址，屏幕寬和長
//附加：要調用boxfill8函數
void init_screen8(char *vram, int x, int y)
{
    boxfill8(vram, x, COL8_008484,  0,     0,      x -  1, y - 29);
    boxfill8(vram, x, COL8_C6C6C6,  0,     y - 28, x -  1, y - 28);
    boxfill8(vram, x, COL8_FFFFFF,  0,     y - 27, x -  1, y - 27);
    boxfill8(vram, x, COL8_C6C6C6,  0,     y - 26, x -  1, y -  1);

    boxfill8(vram, x, COL8_FFFFFF,  3,     y - 24, 59,     y - 24);
    boxfill8(vram, x, COL8_FFFFFF,  2,     y - 24,  2,     y -  4);
    boxfill8(vram, x, COL8_848484,  3,     y -  4, 59,     y -  4);
    boxfill8(vram, x, COL8_848484, 59,     y - 23, 59,     y -  5);
    boxfill8(vram, x, COL8_000000,  2,     y -  3, 59,     y -  3);
    boxfill8(vram, x, COL8_000000, 60,     y - 24, 60,     y -  3);

    boxfill8(vram, x, COL8_848484, x - 47, y - 24, x -  4, y - 24);
    boxfill8(vram, x, COL8_848484, x - 47, y - 23, x - 47, y -  4);
    boxfill8(vram, x, COL8_FFFFFF, x - 47, y -  3, x -  4, y -  3);
    boxfill8(vram, x, COL8_FFFFFF, x -  3, y - 24, x -  3, y -  3);
    return;
}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//字符顯示相關
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//功能：在指定位置顯示一個字符
//參數：VRAM初址，窗口寬，待顯示的位置，顏色，顯示文字的初址（這里采用16個char表示一個字符）
void putfont8(char *vram, int xsize, int x, int y, char c, char *font)
{
    int i;
    char *p, d /* data */;
    for (i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
        //查詢每個char的8個位，如果不為0,就
        p = vram + (y + i) * xsize + x;
        d = font[i];
        if ((d & 0x80) != 0) { p[0] = c; }
        if ((d & 0x40) != 0) { p[1] = c; }
        if ((d & 0x20) != 0) { p[2] = c; }
        if ((d & 0x10) != 0) { p[3] = c; }
        if ((d & 0x08) != 0) { p[4] = c; }
        if ((d & 0x04) != 0) { p[5] = c; }
        if ((d & 0x02) != 0) { p[6] = c; }
        if ((d & 0x01) != 0) { p[7] = c; }
    }
    return;
}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//功能：在指定位置顯示一個字符串
//參數：VRAM初址，窗口寬，待顯示的位置，顏色，待顯示文字串的初址（這里采用16個char表示一個字符）
//附加：這里采用ASCII,字符串以0x00結尾，要調用putfont8()函數，這里可以和printf()函數連用將數據格式化為字符串類型
void putfonts8_asc(char *vram, int xsize, int x, int y, char c, unsigned char *s)
{
    extern char hankaku[4096];
    for (; *s != 0x00; s++) {
        putfont8(vram, xsize, x, y, c, hankaku + *s * 16);
        x += 8;
    }
    return;
}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//顯示鼠標指針
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//功能：准備鼠標指針(16*16)
//參數：存放鼠標顏色信息的字符指針，窗口背景顏色
//附件：先定義一個cursor鼠標效果數組，然后轉換為鼠標顏色數組（即，每一點應該塗什么顏色）
void init_mouse_cursor8(char *mouse, char bc)
{
    static char cursor[16][16] = {
        "**************..",
        "*OOOOOOOOOOO*...",
        "*OOOOOOOOOO*....",
        "*OOOOOOOOO*.....",
        "*OOOOOOOO*......",
        "*OOOOOOO*.......",
        "*OOOOOOO*.......",
        "*OOOOOOOO*......",
        "*OOOO**OOO*.....",
        "*OOO*..*OOO*....",
        "*OO*....*OOO*...",
        "*O*......*OOO*..",
        "**........*OOO*.",
        "*..........*OOO*",
        "............*OO*",
        ".............***"
    };//16*16的字節的內存
    int x, y;

    for (y = 0; y < 16; y++) {//根據上面的鼠標數組建立一個繪制方案保存在mouse里
        for (x = 0; x < 16; x++) {
            if (cursor[y][x] == '*') {//邊緣塗黑色
                mouse[y * 16 + x] = COL8_000000;
            }
            if (cursor[y][x] == 'O') {//內部塗白色
                mouse[y * 16 + x] = COL8_FFFFFF;
            }
            if (cursor[y][x] == '.') {//外部圖背景色
                mouse[y * 16 + x] = bc;
            }
        }
    }
    return;
}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//功能：繪制鼠標
//參數：VRAM初址，x軸像素，鼠標指針大小，位置，鼠標繪制方案，bxsize和pxsize大體相同
//附件：鼠標繪制方案即初始化函數得到的mouse，真正用的時候，先初始化，然后就可以用這個函數繪制鼠標啦
void putblock8_8(char *vram, int vxsize, int pxsize,
    int pysize, int px0, int py0, char *buf, int bxsize)
{
    int x, y;
    for (y = 0; y < pysize; y++) {
        for (x = 0; x < pxsize; x++) {
            vram[(py0 + y) * vxsize + (px0 + x)] = buf[y * bxsize + x];
        }
    }
    return;
}

PS: 設置調色板，顯示字符串，繪制矩形，繪制鼠標，繪制窗口，總之和VRAM相關的函數

/* the part of interrupt */

#include "bootpack.h"
#include <stdio.h>

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//功能：中斷初始化函數
//參數：無
void init_pic(void)
/* PIC(programmable interrupt controller) initialize */
{
    io_out8(PIC0_IMR,  0xff  ); /* disabled all interrupts */
    io_out8(PIC1_IMR,  0xff  ); /* disabled all interrupts */

    io_out8(PIC0_ICW1, 0x11  ); /* edge trigger mode */
    io_out8(PIC0_ICW2, 0x20  ); /* IRQ0-7 are received by INT20-27 */
    io_out8(PIC0_ICW3, 1 << 2); /* PIC1 is connected by IRQ2 */
    io_out8(PIC0_ICW4, 0x01  ); /* unbuffered mode */

    io_out8(PIC1_ICW1, 0x11  ); /* edge trigger mode */
    io_out8(PIC1_ICW2, 0x28  ); /* IRQ8-15 are received by INT28-2f */
    io_out8(PIC1_ICW3, 2     ); /* PIC1 is connnected by IRQ2 */
    io_out8(PIC1_ICW4, 0x01  ); /* unbuffered mode */

    io_out8(PIC0_IMR,  0xfb  ); /* 11111011 disable all interrupts except PIC1 */
    io_out8(PIC1_IMR,  0xff  ); /* 11111111 disable all interrupts */

    return;
}

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//鼠標和鍵盤中斷處理函數
//鼠標是IRQ12,鍵盤是IRQ1，所以我們編寫INT 0x2c和INT 0x21的中斷處理程序(handler),即中斷處理程序
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#define PORT_KEYDAT        0x0060
struct FIFO8 keyfifo;

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//功能：PS/2的鍵盤中斷，一會在匯編中調用這個函數實現真正的中斷：_asm_inthandler21 
void inthandler21(int *esp)
{
    unsigned char data;
    io_out8(PIC0_OCW2, 0x61);    /* IRQ-01受付完了をPICに通知 */
    data = io_in8(PORT_KEYDAT);
    fifo8_put(&keyfifo, data);//將數據放進緩沖區
    return;
}

struct FIFO8 mousefifo;
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//功能：PS/2的鼠標中斷，一會在匯編中調用這個函數實現真正的中斷：_asm_inthandler2c
void inthandler2c(int *esp)
{
    unsigned char data;
    io_out8(PIC1_OCW2, 0x64);    /* IRQ-12受付完了をPIC1に通知 */
    io_out8(PIC0_OCW2, 0x62);    /* IRQ-02受付完了をPIC0に通知 */
    data = io_in8(PORT_KEYDAT);
    fifo8_put(&mousefifo, data); //將數據放進緩沖區
    return;
}

void inthandler27(int *esp)                         
{
    io_out8(PIC0_OCW2, 0x67); /* IRQ-07受付完了をPICに通知 */
    return;
}

PS: 中斷句柄函數，但是這些並不是中斷真正入口，真正入口是對應匯編函數，這些函數只是對應匯編函數要調用的~這些函數包括鼠標中斷和鍵盤中斷，因為為了加速，所以要把收到的數據放進FIFO緩沖區，防止因為在中斷中進行大量的處理而影響速度~

/* FIFO用來存放鼠標和鍵盤信息的鏈表
其實就是用數組實現的循環鏈表，這里原著處理的不好，
建議用數據結構里的知識來處理 */

#include "bootpack.h"

#define FLAGS_OVERRUN        0x0001

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//功能：緩沖區初始化
//參數：緩沖區結構體指針，大小，緩沖區開始位置
void fifo8_init(struct FIFO8 *fifo, int size, unsigned char *buf)
{
    fifo->size = size;
    fifo->buf = buf;
    fifo->free = size; 
    fifo->flags = 0;
    fifo->p = 0; 
    fifo->q = 0;
    return;
}
//往緩沖區內插入一個數據
int fifo8_put(struct FIFO8 *fifo, unsigned char data)
{
    if (fifo->free == 0) {//溢出
        fifo->flags |= FLAGS_OVERRUN;
        return -1;
    }
    fifo->buf[fifo->p] = data;
    fifo->p++;
    if (fifo->p == fifo->size) {//當插入位置到達最后時再返回第一個位置
        fifo->p = 0;
    }
    fifo->free--;
    return 0;
}
//從緩沖區取出一個數據
int fifo8_get(struct FIFO8 *fifo)
{
    int data;
    if (fifo->free == fifo->size) {//沒有數據
        return -1;
    }
    data = fifo->buf[fifo->q];
    fifo->q++;
    if (fifo->q == fifo->size) {//如果取出數據的位置到達最后了就從第一個位置開始
        fifo->q = 0;
    }
    fifo->free++;
    return data;
}
//獲取緩沖區狀態，數據量
int fifo8_status(struct FIFO8 *fifo)
{
    return fifo->size - fifo->free;
}

PS: 就是個簡單的用數組的形式建立的FIFO循環鏈表，建議看一下那個經典的黑色的數據結構的書，上面講的很好，甚至有自動增加大小的循環鏈表，這個數據結構主要用來存放鼠標和鍵盤的信息~

OSASK偺敿妏僼僅儞僩傪棳梡

char 0x00
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0x01
........
........
..***...
.*...*..
*.....*.
*.*.*.*.
*.*.*.*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.*.*.*.
*..*..*.
.*...*..
..***...
........
........
........

char 0x02
........
........
..***...
.*****..
*******.
**.*.**.
**.*.**.
*******.
*******.
**.*.**.
***.***.
.*****..
..***...
........
........
........

char 0x03
........
........
........
........
.**.**..
*******.
*******.
*******.
.*****..
..***...
...*....
........
........
........
........
........

char 0x04
........
........
........
........
...*....
..***...
.*****..
*******.
.*****..
..***...
...*....
........
........
........
........
........

char 0x05
........
........
........
........
...*....
..***...
.*.*.*..
*******.
.*.*.*..
...*....
..***...
........
........
........
........
........

char 0x06
........
........
........
........
...*....
..***...
.*****..
*******.
**.*.**.
...*....
..***...
........
........
........
........
........

char 0x07
........
........
........
........
........
........
...**...
..****..
..****..
...**...
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0x08
********
********
********
********
********
********
***..***
**....**
**....**
***..***
********
********
********
********
********
********

char 0x09
........
........
........
........
........
..****..
.**..**.
.*....*.
.*....*.
.**..**.
..****..
........
........
........
........
........

char 0x0a
********
********
********
********
********
**....**
*..**..*
*.****.*
*.****.*
*..**..*
**....**
********
********
********
********
********

char 0x0b
........
...*....
..***...
.*.*.*..
*..*..*.
...*....
...*....
..***...
.*...*..
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
.*...*..
..***...
........
........

char 0x0c
........
..***...
.*...*..
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
.*...*..
..***...
...*....
...*....
*******.
...*....
...*....
...*....
........
........

char 0x0d
........
........
....**..
....***.
....*.**
....*.**
....*.*.
....*...
....*...
...**...
.****...
*****...
.***....
........
........
........

char 0x0e
........
........
...*****
...*****
...*...*
...*...*
...*...*
...*...*
...*...*
...*...*
.***.***
********
.**..**.
........
........
........

char 0x0f
........
........
........
........
...*....
.*.*.*..
..***...
..*.*...
..***...
.*.*.*..
...*....
........
........
........
........
........

char 0x10
........
*.......
**......
***.....
****....
*****...
******..
*******.
******..
*****...
****....
***.....
**......
*.......
........
........

char 0x11
........
......*.
.....**.
....***.
...****.
..*****.
.******.
*******.
.******.
..*****.
...****.
....***.
.....**.
......*.
........
........

char 0x12
........
........
...*....
..***...
.*.*.*..
*..*..*.
...*....
...*....
...*....
*..*..*.
.*.*.*..
..***...
...*....
........
........
........

char 0x13
........
........
.*...*..
.*...*..
.*...*..
.*...*..
.*...*..
.*...*..
.*...*..
.*...*..
........
........
.*...*..
.*...*..
........
........

char 0x14
........
..*****.
.*..*.*.
*...*.*.
*...*.*.
*...*.*.
*...*.*.
.*..*.*.
..***.*.
....*.*.
....*.*.
....*.*.
....*.*.
....*.*.
........
........

char 0x15
.*****..
*.....*.
.*......
..*.....
..***...
.*...*..
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
.*...*..
..***...
....*...
.....*..
*.....*.
.*****..
........

char 0x16
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
*******.
*******.
*******.
........
........

char 0x17
........
........
...*....
..***...
.*.*.*..
*..*..*.
...*....
...*....
...*....
*..*..*.
.*.*.*..
..***...
...*....
.*****..
........
........

char 0x18
........
...*....
..***...
.*.*.*..
*..*..*.
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
........
........

char 0x19
........
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
*..*..*.
.*.*.*..
..***...
...*....
........
........

char 0x1a
........
........
........
........
...*....
....*...
.....*..
*******.
.....*..
....*...
...*....
........
........
........
........
........

char 0x1b
........
........
........
........
...*....
..*.....
.*......
*******.
.*......
..*.....
...*....
........
........
........
........
........

char 0x1c
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
*.......
*.......
*******.
........
........

char 0x1d
........
........
........
........
........
..*.*...
.*...*..
*******.
.*...*..
..*.*...
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0x1e
........
........
........
........
...*....
...*....
..***...
..***...
.*****..
.*****..
*******.
*******.
........
........
........
........

char 0x1f
........
........
........
........
*******.
*******.
.*****..
.*****..
..***...
..***...
...*....
...*....
........
........
........
........

char 0x20
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0x21
........
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
........
........
...*....
...*....
........
........

char 0x22
..*.*...
..*.*...
..*.*...
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0x23
........
.*...*..
.*...*..
.*...*..
*******.
.*...*..
.*...*..
.*...*..
.*...*..
.*...*..
*******.
.*...*..
.*...*..
.*...*..
........
........

char 0x24
...*....
..***.*.
.*.*.**.
*..*..*.
*..*..*.
*..*....
.*.*....
..***...
...*.*..
...*..*.
*..*..*.
*..*..*.
**.*.*..
*.***...
...*....
...*....

char 0x25
.**...*.
*..*..*.
*..*.*..
*..*.*..
.**.*...
....*...
...*....
...*....
..*.....
..*.**..
.*.*..*.
.*.*..*.
*..*..*.
*...**..
........
........

char 0x26
........
.***....
*...*...
*...*...
*...*...
*..*....
.**.....
.*...***
*.*...*.
*..*..*.
*...*.*.
*....*..
.*...**.
..***..*
........
........

char 0x27
.....*..
....*...
...*....
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0x28
......*.
.....*..
....*...
....*...
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
....*...
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char 0x29
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char 0x2a
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char 0x2b
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char 0x2c
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char 0x2d
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char 0x2e
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char 0x2f
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char 0x30
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char 0x31
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char 0x32
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char 0x33
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char 0x34
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char 0x35
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char 0x36
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char 0x37
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char 0x38
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char 0x39
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char 0x3a
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char 0x3b
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char 0x3c
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char 0x3d
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char 0x3e
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char 0x3f
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char 0x40
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char 0x41
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char 0x42
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char 0x43
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char 0x44
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char 0x45
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char 0x46
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char 0x47
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char 0x48
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char 0x49
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char 0x4a
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char 0x4b
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char 0x4c
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char 0x4d
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char 0x4e
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char 0x4f
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char 0x50
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char 0x51
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char 0x52
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char 0x53
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char 0x54
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char 0x55
........
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char 0x56
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char 0x57
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char 0x58
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char 0x59
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char 0x5a
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char 0x5b
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char 0x5c
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char 0x5d
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char 0x5e
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char 0x5f
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char 0x60
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char 0x61
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char 0x62
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char 0x63
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char 0x64
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char 0x65
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char 0x66
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char 0x67
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char 0x68
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char 0x69
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char 0x6a
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char 0x6b
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char 0x6c
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char 0x6d
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char 0x6e
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char 0x6f
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char 0x70
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char 0x71
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char 0x72
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char 0x73
........
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char 0x74
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char 0x75
........
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char 0x76
........
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char 0x77
........
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char 0x78
........
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char 0x79
........
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char 0x7a
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char 0x7b
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char 0x7c
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char 0x7d
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char 0x7e
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char 0x7f
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........
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char 0x80
........
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char 0x81
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char 0x82
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char 0x83
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char 0x84
........
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........
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char 0x85
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char 0x86
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........
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char 0x87
........
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char 0x88
........
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........

char 0x89
........
........
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........
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........

char 0x8a
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char 0x8b
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char 0x8c
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char 0x8d
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char 0x8e
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char 0x8f
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char 0x90
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*.......
*.......
*.......
*.......
*****...
*.......
*.......
*.......
*.......
*******.
........
........

char 0x91
........
........
........
........
........
.**.....
...***..
...*..*.
.***..*.
*..****.
*..*....
*..*....
*..*..*.
.**.**..
........
........

char 0x92
....**..
...*....
..*.....
..*.*...
..*.*...
..*.*...
*******.
..*.*...
..*.*...
..*.*...
..*.*...
..*.*...
..*.*...
..*.*...
........
........

char 0x93
........
...*....
..*.*...
.*...*..
........
..***...
.*...*..
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
.*...*..
..***...
........
........

char 0x94
........
........
..*..*..
..*..*..
........
..***...
.*...*..
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
.*...*..
..***...
........
........

char 0x95
...*....
....*...
.....*..
........
........
..***...
.*...*..
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
.*...*..
..***...
........
........

char 0x96
........
...*....
..*.*...
.*...*..
........
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
.*....*.
..*****.
........
........

char 0x97
...*....
....*...
.....*..
........
........
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
.*....*.
..*****.
........
........

char 0x98
........
........
..*..*..
..*..*..
........
*.....*.
*.....*.
.*...*..
.*...*..
..*.*...
..*.*...
...*....
...*....
..*.....
..*.....
.*......

char 0x99
..*..*..
..*..*..
........
..***...
.*...*..
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
.*...*..
..***...
........
........

char 0x9a
..*..*..
..*..*..
........
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
.*...*..
..***...
........
........

char 0x9b
........
..*.*...
..*.*...
..*.*...
..****..
.**.*.*.
*.*.*...
*.*.*...
*.*.*...
*.*.*...
*.*.*...
.**.*.*.
..****..
..*.*...
..*.*...
..*.*...

char 0x9c
........
....**..
...*..*.
..*.....
..*.....
..*.....
******..
..*.....
..*.....
..*.....
.**.....
*.*.....
*.**..*.
.*..**..
........
........

char 0x9d
........
*.....*.
*.....*.
.*...*..
..*.*...
...*....
*******.
...*....
...*....
*******.
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
........
........

char 0x9e
........
***.....
*..*....
*...*...
*...*...
*...*...
*..*.*..
***..*..
*..*****
*....*..
*....*..
*....*..
*....*..
*....*..
........
........

char 0x9f
........
....**..
...*..*.
...*....
...*....
...*....
*******.
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
*..*....
.**.....
........
........

char 0xa0
....**..
....*...
...*....
........
........
.****...
.....*..
.....*..
..****..
.*...*..
*....*..
*....*..
.*...*..
..*****.
........
........

char 0xa1
....**..
....*...
...*....
........
........
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
........
........

char 0xa2
....**..
....*...
...*....
........
........
..***...
.*...*..
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
.*...*..
..***...
........
........

char 0xa3
....**..
....*...
...*....
........
........
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
.*....*.
..*****.
........
........

char 0xa4
........
...*..*.
..*.*.*.
..*..*..
........
*****...
*....*..
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
........
........

char 0xa5
...*..*.
..*.*.*.
..*..*..
........
*.....*.
**....*.
**....*.
*.*...*.
*..*..*.
*..*..*.
*...*.*.
*....**.
*....**.
*.....*.
........
........

char 0xa6
........
........
........
.****...
.....*..
.....*..
..****..
.*...*..
*....*..
*....*..
.*...*..
..*****.
........
*******.
........
........

char 0xa7
........
........
........
..***...
.*...*..
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
.*...*..
..***...
........
*******.
........
........

char 0xa8
........
...*....
...*....
........
........
...*....
...*....
..*.....
.*...*..
*.....*.
*.....*.
*.....*.
.*...*..
..***...
........
........

char 0xa9
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
*******.
*.......
*.......
*.......
........
........

char 0xaa
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
*******.
......*.
......*.
......*.
........
........

char 0xab
........
...*....
..**....
...*....
...*....
...*....
........
*******.
........
.****...
.....*..
..***...
.*......
.*****..
........
........

char 0xac
........
...*....
..**....
...*....
...*....
...*....
........
*******.
........
...**...
..*.*...
.*..*...
.*****..
....*...
........
........

char 0xad
........
...*....
...*....
........
........
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
........
........

char 0xae
........
........
........
........
...*..*.
..*..*..
.*..*...
*..*....
*..*....
.*..*...
..*..*..
...*..*.
........
........
........
........

char 0xaf
........
........
........
........
*..*....
.*..*...
..*..*..
...*..*.
...*..*.
..*..*..
.*..*...
*..*....
........
........
........
........

char 0xb0
...*...*
.*...*..
...*...*
.*...*..
...*...*
.*...*..
...*...*
.*...*..
...*...*
.*...*..
...*...*
.*...*..
...*...*
.*...*..
...*...*
.*...*..

char 0xb1
.*.*.*.*
*.*.*.*.
.*.*.*.*
*.*.*.*.
.*.*.*.*
*.*.*.*.
.*.*.*.*
*.*.*.*.
.*.*.*.*
*.*.*.*.
.*.*.*.*
*.*.*.*.
.*.*.*.*
*.*.*.*.
.*.*.*.*
*.*.*.*.

char 0xb2
.***.***
**.***.*
.***.***
**.***.*
.***.***
**.***.*
.***.***
**.***.*
.***.***
**.***.*
.***.***
**.***.*
.***.***
**.***.*
.***.***
**.***.*

char 0xb3
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....

char 0xb4
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
****....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....

char 0xb5
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
****....
...*....
****....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....

char 0xb6
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
****.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..

char 0xb7
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
******..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..

char 0xb8
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
****....
...*....
****....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....

char 0xb9
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
****.*..
.....*..
****.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..

char 0xba
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..

char 0xbb
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
******..
.....*..
****.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..

char 0xbc
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
****.*..
.....*..
******..
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xbd
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
******..
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xbe
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
****....
...*....
****....
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xbf
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
****....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....

char 0xc0
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*****
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xc1
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
********
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xc2
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
********
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....

char 0xc3
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*****
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....

char 0xc4
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
********
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xc5
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
********
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....

char 0xc6
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*****
...*....
...*****
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....

char 0xc7
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.***
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..

char 0xc8
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.***
...*....
...*****
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xc9
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
...*****
...*....
...*.***
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..

char 0xca
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
****.***
........
********
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xcb
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
********
........
****.***
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..

char 0xcc
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.***
...*....
...*.***
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..

char 0xcd
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
********
........
********
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xce
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
****.***
........
****.***
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..

char 0xcf
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
********
........
********
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xd0
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
********
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xd1
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
********
........
********
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....

char 0xd2
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
********
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..

char 0xd3
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*****
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xd4
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*****
...*....
...*****
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xd5
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
...*****
...*....
...*****
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....

char 0xd6
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
...*****
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..

char 0xd7
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
****.***
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..
...*.*..

char 0xd8
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
********
...*....
********
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....

char 0xd9
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
****....
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xda
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
...*****
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....
...*....

char 0xdb
********
********
********
********
********
********
********
********
********
********
********
********
********
********
********
********

char 0xdc
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
********
********
********
********
********
********
********
********

char 0xdd
****....
****....
****....
****....
****....
****....
****....
****....
****....
****....
****....
****....
****....
****....
****....
****....

char 0xde
....****
....****
....****
....****
....****
....****
....****
....****
....****
....****
....****
....****
....****
....****
....****
....****

char 0xdf
********
********
********
********
********
********
********
********
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xe0
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xe1
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xe2
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xe3
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xe4
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xe5
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xe6
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xe7
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xe8
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xe9
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xea
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xeb
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xec
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xed
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xee
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xef
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xf0
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xf1
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xf2
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xf3
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xf4
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xf5
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xf6
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xf7
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xf8
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xf9
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xfa
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xfb
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xfc
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xfd
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xfe
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

char 0xff
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

PS: 這就是個字庫，對於硬件級工程，字庫是必須的！為什么我們編輯器里選擇字形時英文這么多，漢字這么少，是因為設計中文字庫的人少，一方面勞動量大，另一方面沒錢賺，所以我們有着豐富的書法文化卻只有幾個可憐的字形可以選擇！

; naskfunc
; TAB=4

[FORMAT "WCOFF"]                 ; 制成目標文件的形式   
[INSTRSET "i486p"]                ; 使用486格式命令
[BITS 32]                        ; 制作32模式用的機器語言
[FILE "naskfunc.nas"]            ; 源文件名信息
                ; 程序中包含的函數名
        GLOBAL    _io_hlt, _io_cli, _io_sti, _io_stihlt 
        GLOBAL    _io_in8,  _io_in16,  _io_in32
        GLOBAL    _io_out8, _io_out16, _io_out32
        GLOBAL    _io_load_eflags, _io_store_eflags
        GLOBAL    _load_gdtr, _load_idtr
        GLOBAL    _asm_inthandler21, _asm_inthandler27, _asm_inthandler2c
        EXTERN    _inthandler21, _inthandler27, _inthandler2c

[SECTION .text]                          ; 目標文件中寫了這些后再寫程序

_io_hlt:    ; void io_hlt(void);
        HLT
        RET

_io_cli:    ; void io_cli(void);
        CLI
        RET

_io_sti:    ; void io_sti(void);
        STI
        RET

_io_stihlt:    ; void io_stihlt(void);
        STI
        HLT
        RET

_io_in8:    ; int io_in8(int port);
        MOV        EDX,[ESP+4]        ; port
        MOV        EAX,0
        IN        AL,DX
        RET

_io_in16:    ; int io_in16(int port);
        MOV        EDX,[ESP+4]        ; port
        MOV        EAX,0
        IN        AX,DX
        RET

_io_in32:    ; int io_in32(int port);
        MOV        EDX,[ESP+4]        ; port
        IN        EAX,DX
        RET

_io_out8:    ; void io_out8(int port, int data);
        MOV        EDX,[ESP+4]        ; port
        MOV        AL,[ESP+8]        ; data
        OUT        DX,AL
        RET

_io_out16:    ; void io_out16(int port, int data);
        MOV        EDX,[ESP+4]        ; port
        MOV        EAX,[ESP+8]        ; data
        OUT        DX,AX
        RET

_io_out32:    ; void io_out32(int port, int data);
        MOV        EDX,[ESP+4]        ; port
        MOV        EAX,[ESP+8]        ; data
        OUT        DX,EAX
        RET

_io_load_eflags:    ; int io_load_eflags(void);
        PUSHFD        ; PUSH EFLAGS という意味
        POP        EAX
        RET

_io_store_eflags:    ; void io_store_eflags(int eflags);
        MOV        EAX,[ESP+4]
        PUSH    EAX
        POPFD        ; POP EFLAGS という意味
        RET

_load_gdtr:        ; void load_gdtr(int limit, int addr);
        MOV        AX,[ESP+4]        ; limit
        MOV        [ESP+6],AX
        LGDT    [ESP+6]
        RET


;1) 這個函數用來指定的段上限和地址賦值給GDTR的48位寄存器，這是個很特殊的寄存器，並不能用MOV來直接賦值
;，唯一的方法就是指定一個內存地址，從指定的內存地址讀取6字節（也就是48位），然后賦值給GDTR寄存器。完成這一任務的指令就是LGDT
;2) 該寄存器的低16位（即內存的最初的2個字節）是段上限，它等於“GDT的有效的字節數-1”，剩下的32位，代表GDT的開始地址
;3) 這里2個參數是ESP+4和ESP+8里存放，而我們要的是6字節形式的，所以要轉換為我們想要的形式~
_load_idtr:        ; void load_idtr(int limit, int addr);
        MOV        AX,[ESP+4]        ; limit
        MOV        [ESP+6],AX
        LIDT    [ESP+6]
        RET

;這個函數只是將寄存器的值保存在棧里，然后將DS和ES調整到與SS相等，再調用_inthandler21,返回后將所有寄存器的值再返回到原來的值，然后執行IRETD
;之所以如此小心翼翼地保護寄存器，原因在於，中斷處理發生在函數處理途中，通過IREDT從中斷處理后，寄存器就亂了
_asm_inthandler21:
        PUSH    ES
        PUSH    DS
        PUSHAD
        MOV        EAX,ESP
        PUSH    EAX
        MOV        AX,SS
        MOV        DS,AX
        MOV        ES,AX
        CALL    _inthandler21
        POP        EAX
        POPAD
        POP        DS
        POP        ES
        IRETD

_asm_inthandler27:
        PUSH    ES
        PUSH    DS
        PUSHAD
        MOV        EAX,ESP
        PUSH    EAX
        MOV        AX,SS
        MOV        DS,AX
        MOV        ES,AX
        CALL    _inthandler27
        POP        EAX
        POPAD
        POP        DS
        POP        ES
        IRETD

_asm_inthandler2c:
        PUSH    ES
        PUSH    DS
        PUSHAD
        MOV        EAX,ESP
        PUSH    EAX
        MOV        AX,SS
        MOV        DS,AX
        MOV        ES,AX
        CALL    _inthandler2c
        POP        EAX
        POPAD
        POP        DS
        POP        ES
        IRETD

PS: 一些不能用c語言來完成的函數還得用匯編，於是就都放在這個文件里了~

 

---

 

3、效果說明：

>_<" 這里已經實現了文字顯示，鼠標顯示，鍵盤和鼠標信息的讀取，其中涉及的知識有：GDT,IDT,中斷,FIFO,VRAM,字庫等，最終效果如下：

PS: 最上面顯示鼠標當前位置，第二行左邊顯示按鍵信息，右邊lcr顯示鼠標點擊事件（如果左邊被點擊l就變大寫L，其他相同道理），后面兩個數據是鼠標此次移動距離~

PS: 該系統的內存分布圖：在文件asmhead.nas有詳細注釋

146 ;---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 147 ;內存分配： 148 ; 0x00000000-0x000fffff:雖然在啟動中會多次使用，但之后就會變空(1M) 149 ; 0x00100000-0x00267fff:用於保存軟盤的內容(1440KB) 150 ; 0x00268000-0x0026f7ff:空(30KB) 151 ; 0x0026f800-0x0026ffff:IDT(2KB) 152 ; 0x00270000-0x0027ffff:GDT(64KB) 153 ; 0x00280000-0x002fffff:bootpack.hrb(512KB) 154 ; 0x00300000-0x003fffff:棧及其他(1MB) 155 ; 0x00400000- :空 156 ;----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

LZ：http://www.cnblogs.com/zjutlitao/