本文打算將藍牙適配器和手機藍牙進行配對。
買了個支持藍牙4.0協議的藍牙適配器，將其插入到pc（debian 7.4）的usb口。
查看手機藍牙信息：
選擇手機中"設置"->"關於手機"->"狀態信息"可以看到藍牙地址是18:DC:56:D2:1C:1A
pc上安裝藍牙工具：
sudo apt-get install bluez bluez-hcidump
查看系統輸出信息：
$ dmesg | tail -n 4 [25259.408121] usb 1-1.2: new full-speed USB device number 32 using ehci_hcd [25259.614615] usb 1-1.2: New USB device found, idVendor=0a12, idProduct=0001 [25259.614621] usb 1-1.2: New USB device strings: Mfr=0, Product=2, SerialNumber=0 [25259.614626] usb 1-1.2: Product: CSR8510 A10
查看藍牙適配器設備信息：
$ lsusb Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub Bus 004 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub Bus 005 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub Bus 001 Device 002: ID 1a40:0101 Terminus Technology Inc. 4-Port HUB Bus 001 Device 031: ID 0a12:0001 Cambridge Silicon Radio, Ltd Bluetooth Dongle (HCI mode) Bus 002 Device 003: ID 046d:c05a Logitech, Inc. Optical Mouse M90 Bus 003 Device 002: ID 413c:2003 Dell Computer Corp. Keyboard $ lsusb -s 001:031 -v Bus 001 Device 031: ID 0a12:0001 Cambridge Silicon Radio, Ltd Bluetooth Dongle (HCI mode) Couldn't open device, some information will be missing Device Descriptor: bLength 18 bDescriptorType 1 bcdUSB 2.00 bDeviceClass 224 Wireless bDeviceSubClass 1 Radio Frequency bDeviceProtocol 1 Bluetooth bMaxPacketSize0 64 idVendor 0x0a12 Cambridge Silicon Radio, Ltd idProduct 0x0001 Bluetooth Dongle (HCI mode) bcdDevice 88.91 iManufacturer 0 iProduct 2 iSerial 0 bNumConfigurations 1 Configuration Descriptor: bLength 9 bDescriptorType 2 wTotalLength 177 bNumInterfaces 2 bConfigurationValue 1 iConfiguration 0 bmAttributes 0xe0 Self Powered Remote Wakeup MaxPower 100mA Interface Descriptor: bLength 9 bDescriptorType 4 bInterfaceNumber 0 bAlternateSetting 0 bNumEndpoints 3 bInterfaceClass 224 Wireless bInterfaceSubClass 1 Radio Frequency bInterfaceProtocol 1 Bluetooth iInterface 0 Endpoint Descriptor: bLength 7 bDescriptorType 5 bEndpointAddress 0x81 EP 1 IN bmAttributes 3 Transfer Type Interrupt Synch Type None Usage Type Data wMaxPacketSize 0x0010 1x 16 bytes bInterval 1 Endpoint Descriptor: bLength 7 bDescriptorType 5 bEndpointAddress 0x02 EP 2 OUT bmAttributes 2 Transfer Type Bulk Synch Type None Usage Type Data wMaxPacketSize 0x0040 1x 64 bytes bInterval 1 Endpoint Descriptor: bLength 7 bDescriptorType 5 bEndpointAddress 0x82 EP 2 IN bmAttributes 2 Transfer Type Bulk Synch Type None Usage Type Data wMaxPacketSize 0x0040 1x 64 bytes bInterval 1 Interface Descriptor: bLength 9 bDescriptorType 4 bInterfaceNumber 1 bAlternateSetting 0 bNumEndpoints 2 bInterfaceClass 224 Wireless bInterfaceSubClass 1 Radio Frequency bInterfaceProtocol 1 Bluetooth iInterface 0 Endpoint Descriptor: bLength 7 bDescriptorType 5 bEndpointAddress 0x03 EP 3 OUT bmAttributes 1 Transfer Type Isochronous Synch Type None Usage Type Data wMaxPacketSize 0x0000 1x 0 bytes bInterval 1 Endpoint Descriptor: bLength 7 bDescriptorType 5 bEndpointAddress 0x83 EP 3 IN bmAttributes 1 Transfer Type Isochronous Synch Type None Usage Type Data wMaxPacketSize 0x0000 1x 0 bytes bInterval 1 Interface Descriptor: bLength 9 bDescriptorType 4 bInterfaceNumber 1 bAlternateSetting 1 bNumEndpoints 2 bInterfaceClass 224 Wireless bInterfaceSubClass 1 Radio Frequency bInterfaceProtocol 1 Bluetooth iInterface 0 Endpoint Descriptor: bLength 7 bDescriptorType 5 bEndpointAddress 0x03 EP 3 OUT bmAttributes 1 Transfer Type Isochronous Synch Type None Usage Type Data wMaxPacketSize 0x0009 1x 9 bytes bInterval 1 Endpoint Descriptor: bLength 7 bDescriptorType 5 bEndpointAddress 0x83 EP 3 IN bmAttributes 1 Transfer Type Isochronous Synch Type None Usage Type Data wMaxPacketSize 0x0009 1x 9 bytes bInterval 1 Interface Descriptor: bLength 9 bDescriptorType 4 bInterfaceNumber 1 bAlternateSetting 2 bNumEndpoints 2 bInterfaceClass 224 Wireless bInterfaceSubClass 1 Radio Frequency bInterfaceProtocol 1 Bluetooth iInterface 0 Endpoint Descriptor: bLength 7 bDescriptorType 5 bEndpointAddress 0x03 EP 3 OUT bmAttributes 1 Transfer Type Isochronous Synch Type None Usage Type Data wMaxPacketSize 0x0011 1x 17 bytes bInterval 1 Endpoint Descriptor: bLength 7 bDescriptorType 5 bEndpointAddress 0x83 EP 3 IN bmAttributes 1 Transfer Type Isochronous Synch Type None Usage Type Data wMaxPacketSize 0x0011 1x 17 bytes bInterval 1 Interface Descriptor: bLength 9 bDescriptorType 4 bInterfaceNumber 1 bAlternateSetting 3 bNumEndpoints 2 bInterfaceClass 224 Wireless bInterfaceSubClass 1 Radio Frequency bInterfaceProtocol 1 Bluetooth iInterface 0 Endpoint Descriptor: bLength 7 bDescriptorType 5 bEndpointAddress 0x03 EP 3 OUT bmAttributes 1 Transfer Type Isochronous Synch Type None Usage Type Data wMaxPacketSize 0x0019 1x 25 bytes bInterval 1 Endpoint Descriptor: bLength 7 bDescriptorType 5 bEndpointAddress 0x83 EP 3 IN bmAttributes 1 Transfer Type Isochronous Synch Type None Usage Type Data wMaxPacketSize 0x0019 1x 25 bytes bInterval 1 Interface Descriptor: bLength 9 bDescriptorType 4 bInterfaceNumber 1 bAlternateSetting 4 bNumEndpoints 2 bInterfaceClass 224 Wireless bInterfaceSubClass 1 Radio Frequency bInterfaceProtocol 1 Bluetooth iInterface 0 Endpoint Descriptor: bLength 7 bDescriptorType 5 bEndpointAddress 0x03 EP 3 OUT bmAttributes 1 Transfer Type Isochronous Synch Type None Usage Type Data wMaxPacketSize 0x0021 1x 33 bytes bInterval 1 Endpoint Descriptor: bLength 7 bDescriptorType 5 bEndpointAddress 0x83 EP 3 IN bmAttributes 1 Transfer Type Isochronous Synch Type None Usage Type Data wMaxPacketSize 0x0021 1x 33 bytes bInterval 1 Interface Descriptor: bLength 9 bDescriptorType 4 bInterfaceNumber 1 bAlternateSetting 5 bNumEndpoints 2 bInterfaceClass 224 Wireless bInterfaceSubClass 1 Radio Frequency bInterfaceProtocol 1 Bluetooth iInterface 0 Endpoint Descriptor: bLength 7 bDescriptorType 5 bEndpointAddress 0x03 EP 3 OUT bmAttributes 1 Transfer Type Isochronous Synch Type None Usage Type Data wMaxPacketSize 0x0031 1x 49 bytes bInterval 1 Endpoint Descriptor: bLength 7 bDescriptorType 5 bEndpointAddress 0x83 EP 3 IN bmAttributes 1 Transfer Type Isochronous Synch Type None Usage Type Data wMaxPacketSize 0x0031 1x 49 bytes bInterval 1
安裝bluez后，會提供兩個工具hciconfig和hcitool進行藍牙相關的配置。
查看當前藍牙適配器參數配置：
$ sudo hciconfig -a hci0: Type: BR/EDR Bus: USB BD Address: 00:1A:7D:DA:71:13 ACL MTU: 310:10 SCO MTU: 64:8 UP RUNNING PSCAN RX bytes:3639 acl:0 sco:0 events:169 errors:0 TX bytes:745 acl:0 sco:0 commands:47 errors:0 Features: 0xff 0xff 0x8f 0xfe 0xdb 0xff 0x5b 0x87 Packet type: DM1 DM3 DM5 DH1 DH3 DH5 HV1 HV2 HV3 Link policy: RSWITCH HOLD SNIFF PARK Link mode: SLAVE ACCEPT Name: 'debian-0' Class: 0x420100 Service Classes: Networking, Telephony Device Class: Computer, Uncategorized HCI Version: 4.0 (0x6) Revision: 0x22bb LMP Version: 4.0 (0x6) Subversion: 0x22bb Manufacturer: Cambridge Silicon Radio (10)
藍牙適配器的mac地址是: 00:1A:7D:DA:71:13,名稱是debian-0。
查看藍牙適配器提供的各種功能：
$ sdptool browse local Browsing FF:FF:FF:00:00:00 ... Service Name: SIM Access Server Service RecHandle: 0x10000 Service Class ID List: "SIM Access" (0x112d) "Generic Telephony" (0x1204) Protocol Descriptor List: "L2CAP" (0x0100) "RFCOMM" (0x0003) Channel: 8 Profile Descriptor List: "SIM Access" (0x112d) Version: 0x0101 Service Name: Headset Audio Gateway Service RecHandle: 0x10001 Service Class ID List: "Headset Audio Gateway" (0x1112) "Generic Audio" (0x1203) Protocol Descriptor List: "L2CAP" (0x0100) "RFCOMM" (0x0003) Channel: 12 Profile Descriptor List: "Headset" (0x1108) Version: 0x0102 Service Name: Hands-Free Audio Gateway Service RecHandle: 0x10002 Service Class ID List: "Handsfree Audio Gateway" (0x111f) "Generic Audio" (0x1203) Protocol Descriptor List: "L2CAP" (0x0100) "RFCOMM" (0x0003) Channel: 13 Profile Descriptor List: "Handsfree" (0x111e) Version: 0x0105 Service Name: AVRCP TG Service RecHandle: 0x10003 Service Class ID List: "AV Remote Target" (0x110c) Protocol Descriptor List: "L2CAP" (0x0100) PSM: 23 "AVCTP" (0x0017) uint16: 0x103 Profile Descriptor List: "AV Remote" (0x110e) Version: 0x0103 Service Name: AVRCP CT Service RecHandle: 0x10004 Service Class ID List: "AV Remote" (0x110e) Protocol Descriptor List: "L2CAP" (0x0100) PSM: 23 "AVCTP" (0x0017) uint16: 0x103 Profile Descriptor List: "AV Remote" (0x110e) Version: 0x0100 Service Name: Dial-Up Networking Service RecHandle: 0x10005 Service Class ID List: "Dialup Networking" (0x1103) "Generic Networking" (0x1201) Protocol Descriptor List: "L2CAP" (0x0100) "RFCOMM" (0x0003) Channel: 1 Profile Descriptor List: "Dialup Networking" (0x1103) Version: 0x0100 Service Name: OBEX Object Push Service RecHandle: 0x10006 Service Class ID List: "OBEX Object Push" (0x1105) Protocol Descriptor List: "L2CAP" (0x0100) "RFCOMM" (0x0003) Channel: 9 "OBEX" (0x0008) Profile Descriptor List: "OBEX Object Push" (0x1105) Version: 0x0100 Service Name: OBEX File Transfer Service RecHandle: 0x10007 Service Class ID List: "OBEX File Transfer" (0x1106) Protocol Descriptor List: "L2CAP" (0x0100) "RFCOMM" (0x0003) Channel: 10 "OBEX" (0x0008) Profile Descriptor List: "OBEX File Transfer" (0x1106) Version: 0x0100
掃描藍牙設備：
$ hcitool scan Scanning ... C4:17:FE:F6:65:FF PC-201209031236 CC:52:AF:4F:52:16 HR-6F1397D64651 18:DC:56:D2:1C:1A Coolpad 8297
使用hcitool獲取手機藍牙信息：
$ hcitool name 18:DC:56:D2:1C:1A Coolpad 8297 $ sudo hcitool info 18:DC:56:D2:1C:1A Requesting information ... BD Address: 18:DC:56:D2:1C:1A Device Name: Coolpad 8297 LMP Version: 4.0 (0x6) LMP Subversion: 0x0 Manufacturer: MediaTek, Inc. (70) Features page 0: 0xbf 0x3e 0x8d 0xfe 0xdb 0xff 0x5b 0x87 <3-slot packets> <5-slot packets> <encryption> <slot offset> <timing accuracy> <role switch> <sniff mode> <RSSI> <channel quality> <SCO link> <HV2 packets> <HV3 packets> <CVSD> <power control> <transparent SCO> <broadcast encrypt> <EDR ACL 2 Mbps> <EDR ACL 3 Mbps> <enhanced iscan> <interlaced iscan> <interlaced pscan> <inquiry with RSSI> <extended SCO> <EV4 packets> <EV5 packets> <AFH cap. slave> <AFH class. slave> <LE support> <3-slot EDR ACL> <5-slot EDR ACL> <sniff subrating> <pause encryption> <AFH cap. master> <AFH class. master> <EDR eSCO 2 Mbps> <EDR eSCO 3 Mbps> <3-slot EDR eSCO> <extended inquiry> <LE and BR/EDR> <simple pairing> <encapsulated PDU> <non-flush flag> <LSTO> <inquiry TX power> <EPC> <extended features> Features page 1: 0x03 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 Features page 2: 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00
配置藍牙適配器使得能被其他設備搜索到:
$ sudo hciconfig hci0 iscan
這時在手機中搜索藍牙設備可以搜索到"debian-0"，但是使用手機配對時提示“PIN或者配對密鑰不正確，無法和debian-0進行配對"。
在執行下面幾條命令：
$ sudo hciconfig hci0 pscan $ sudo hciconfig hci0 noencrypt $ sudo hciconfig hci0 noauth
然后在手機里可以對"debian-0"配對即可配對成功。
此時可以在pc上執行l2ping命令 ：
host@debian:~$ sudo l2ping -c 3 18:DC:56:D2:1C:1A [sudo] password for host: Ping: 18:DC:56:D2:1C:1A from 00:1A:7D:DA:71:13 (data size 44) ... 44 bytes from 18:DC:56:D2:1C:1A id 0 time 15.00ms 44 bytes from 18:DC:56:D2:1C:1A id 1 time 26.16ms 44 bytes from 18:DC:56:D2:1C:1A id 2 time 26.14ms 3 sent, 3 received, 0% loss
如果不使用上面的hciconfig命令來進行配置，也可以使用blueman或者gnome-bluetooth來配置藍牙，安裝這些工具：
sudo apt-get install blueman gnome-bluetooth
這兩個工具都是圖形化界面，使用起來相當方便，只是需要從手機端發起配對請求，然后在pc端和手機端分別進行確認即完成配對。
然后可以在pc端用藍牙來向手機發送文件。
上面這兩種情況下都是在手機端發起配對請求，之后也只是能通過藍牙發文件。
但我希望能夠使用bluez系列工具中提供的命令行工具從pc端發起配對請求，以便於以后將藍牙適配器用到嵌入式開發板上。
參考《在linux下藍牙使用rfcomm連接》 、《BluetoothUser》以及《Bluetooth_Mouse》進行操作，但都沒成功，
這是因為我使用的bluez版本是4.99,沒有bluez5中的bluetoothctl工具，也沒有bluez4中的hidd工具，也沒有常用的bluez3中的/etc/bluetooth/hcid.conf配置文件,
進行配對時總是會因為pin或者key的問題而導致配對失敗，導致網絡上大部分教程都不適用於這個版本。
最終我選用了另一種方式，先從手機來對藍牙設備進行配對，然后將其模式修改成master,再從pc下執行命令就可以了。
首先配置rfcomm,修改/etc/bluetooth/rfcomm.conf（其實我不確定是否需要該配置，只是在參考網絡文章時修改了這個配置文件）：
host@debian:~$ cat /etc/bluetooth/rfcomm.conf # # RFCOMM configuration file. # rfcomm0 { # Automatically bind the device at startup bind no; # Bluetooth address of the device device 18:DC:56:D2:1C:1A; # RFCOMM channel for the connection channel 1; # Description of the connection comment "Example Bluetooth device"; }
重啟藍牙服務：
sudo /etc/init.d/bluetooth restart
可以使用hcidump（類似於tcpdump工具能夠打印bluez中每步都執行了什么功能，可以用於調試）：
sudo hcidump -Xt
按照前面的步驟從手機來對藍牙適配器進行配對，可以配對成功。
查看hci0（類似於網卡的eth0接口）的連接模式(link mode,可以是master或者slave):
$ sudo hciconfig hci0 lm hci0: Type: BR/EDR Bus: USB BD Address: 00:1A:7D:DA:71:13 ACL MTU: 310:10 SCO MTU: 64:8 Link mode: SLAVE ACCEPT
將其連接模式從SLAVE修改為master：
sudo hciconfig hci0 lm master
這時查看連接模式：
$ sudo hciconfig hci0 lm [sudo] password for host: hci0: Type: BR/EDR Bus: USB BD Address: 00:1A:7D:DA:71:13 ACL MTU: 310:10 SCO MTU: 64:8 Link mode: MASTER
已經將link mode修改為master模式。
使用rfcomm來連接手機藍牙設備：
$ sudo rfcomm connect hci0 18:DC:56:D2:1C:1A Connected /dev/rfcomm0 to 18:DC:56:D2:1C:1A on channel 1 Press CTRL-C for hangup
連接成功，查看連接信息：
$ sudo hcitool con Connections: < ACL 18:DC:56:D2:1C:1A handle 72 state 1 lm MASTER AUTH ENCRYPT
可以執行hcitool中的cmd命令，例如下面的命令將當前設備的名稱改成"ABCD"：
$ sudo hcitool cmd 0x03 0x0013 0x41 0x42 0x43 0x44 < HCI Command: ogf 0x03, ocf 0x0013, plen 4 41 42 43 44 > HCI Event: 0x0e plen 4 01 13 0C 00
此時在hcidump對應窗口顯示下面的信息：
2014-06-18 15:04:22.929405 < HCI Command: Write Local Name (0x03|0x0013) plen 4 name 'ABCDBCD' 2014-06-18 15:04:22.930381 > HCI Event: Command Complete (0x0e) plen 4 Write Local Name (0x03|0x0013) ncmd 1 status 0x00 2014-06-18 15:04:22.930474 < HCI Command: Read Local Name (0x03|0x0014) plen 0 2014-06-18 15:04:22.947378 > HCI Event: Command Complete (0x0e) plen 252 Read Local Name (0x03|0x0014) ncmd 1 status 0x00 name 'ABCD'
使用hciconfig工具也可以查看到當前藍牙適配器名稱:
$ sudo hciconfig hci0 name hci0: Type: BR/EDR Bus: USB BD Address: 00:1A:7D:DA:71:13 ACL MTU: 310:10 SCO MTU: 64:8 Name: 'ABCD'
可以看到藍牙適配器的名稱已經被改成ABCD了。
還有其他很多命令都可以用hcitool hci0 cmd來進行配置，《利用 hcitool 通過hci 命令與芯片交互》中提供了其他的一些命令，感興趣的話可以自己玩玩看。
也可以下載《藍牙4.0規范》，從704-1103頁有關於藍牙命令的詳細說明。