Netty是一個高性能 事件驅動的異步的非堵塞的IO(NIO)框架,用於建立TCP等底層的連接,基於Netty可以建立高性能的Http服務器。支持HTTP、 WebSocket 、Protobuf、 Binary TCP |和UDP,Netty已經被很多高性能項目作為其Socket底層基礎,如HornetQ Infinispan Vert.x
Play Framework Finangle和 Cassandra。其競爭對手是:Apache MINA和 Grizzly。
傳統堵塞的IO讀取如下:
InputStream is = new FileInputStream("input.bin");
int byte = is.read(); // 當前線程等待結果到達直至錯誤
而使用NIO如下:
while (true) {
selector.select(); // 從多個通道請求事件
Iterator it = selector.selectedKeys().iterator();
while (it.hasNext()) {
SelectorKey key = (SelectionKey) it.next();
handleKey(key);
it.remove();
}
}
堵塞與非堵塞原理
傳統硬件的堵塞如下,從內存中讀取數據,然后寫到磁盤,而CPU一直等到磁盤寫完成,磁盤的寫操作是慢的,這段時間CPU被堵塞不能發揮效率。
使用非堵塞的DMA如下圖:CPU只是發出寫操作這樣的指令,做一些初始化工作,DMA具體執行,從內存中讀取數據,然后寫到磁盤,當完成寫后發出一個中斷事件給CPU。這段時間CPU是空閑的,可以做別的事情。這個原理稱為Zero.copy零拷貝。
Netty底層基於上述Java NIO的零拷貝原理實現:
比較
- Tomcat是一個Web服務器,它是采取一個請求一個線程,當有1000客戶端時,會耗費很多內存。通常一個線程將花費 256kb到1mb的stack空間。
- Node.js是一個線程服務於所有請求,在錯誤處理上有限制
- Netty是一個線程服務於很多請求,如下圖,當從Java NIO獲得一個Selector事件,將激活通道Channel。
演示
Netty的使用代碼如下:
Channel channel = ...
ChannelFuture cf = channel.write(data);
cf.addListener(
new ChannelFutureListener() {
@Override
public void operationComplete(ChannelFuture future) throws Exception {
if(!future.isSuccess() {
future.cause().printStacktrace();
...
}
...
}
});
...
cf.sync();
通過引入觀察者監聽,當有數據時,將自動激活監聽者中的代碼運行。
我們使用Netty建立一個服務器代碼:
public class EchoServer {
private final int port;
public EchoServer(int port) {
this.port = port;
}
public void run() throws Exception {
// Configure the server.
EventLoopGroup bossGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();
EventLoopGroup workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();
try {
ServerBootstrap b = new ServerBootstrap();
b.group(bossGroup, workerGroup).channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class).option(ChannelOption.SO_BACKLOG, 100)
.handler(new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.INFO)).childHandler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
@Override
public void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
ch.pipeline().addLast(
// new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.INFO),
new EchoServerHandler());
}
});
// Start the server.
ChannelFuture f = b.bind(port).sync();
// Wait until the server socket is closed.
f.channel().closeFuture().sync();
} finally {
// Shut down all event loops to terminate all threads.
bossGroup.shutdownGracefully();
workerGroup.shutdownGracefully();
}
}
}
這段代碼調用:在9999端口啟動
new EchoServer(9999).run();
我們需要完成的代碼是EchoServerHandler:
public class EchoServerHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {
private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(EchoServerHandler.class.getName());
@Override
public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
ctx.write(msg);
}
@Override
public void channelReadComplete(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
ctx.flush();
}
@Override
public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) {
// Close the connection when an exception is raised.
logger.log(Level.WARNING, "Unexpected exception from downstream.", cause);
ctx.close();
}
}
原理
一個Netty服務器的原理如下:
圖中每次請求的讀取是通過UpStream來實現,然后激活我們的服務邏輯如EchoServerHandler,而服務器向外寫數據,也就是響應是通過DownStream實現的。每個通道Channel包含一對UpStream和DownStream,以及我們的handlers(EchoServerHandler),如下圖,這些都是通過channel pipeline封裝起來的,數據流在管道里流動,每個Socket對應一個ChannelPipeline。
CHANNELPIPELINE是關鍵,它類似Unix的管道,有以下作用:
- 為每個Channel 保留 ChannelHandlers ,如EchoServerHandler
- 所有的事件都要通過它
- 不斷地修改:類似unix的SH管道: echo "Netty is shit...." | sed -e 's/is /is the /'
- 一個Channel對應一個 ChannelPipeline
- 包含協議編碼解碼 安全驗證SSL/TLS和應用邏輯
客戶端代碼
前面我們演示了服務器端代碼,下面是客戶端代碼:
public class EchoClient {
private final String host;
private final int port;
private final int firstMessageSize;
public EchoClient(String host, int port, int firstMessageSize) {
this.host = host;
this.port = port;
this.firstMessageSize = firstMessageSize;
}
public void run() throws Exception {
// Configure the client.
EventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup();
try {
Bootstrap b = new Bootstrap();
b.group(group).channel(NioSocketChannel.class).option(ChannelOption.TCP_NODELAY, true).handler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
@Override
public void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
ch.pipeline().addLast(
// new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.INFO),
new EchoClientHandler(firstMessageSize));
}
});
// Start the client.
ChannelFuture f = b.connect(host, port).sync();
// Wait until the connection is closed.
f.channel().closeFuture().sync();
} finally {
// Shut down the event loop to terminate all threads.
group.shutdownGracefully();
}
}
}
客戶端的應用邏輯EchoClientHandler:
public class EchoClientHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {
private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(EchoClientHandler.class.getName());
private final ByteBuf firstMessage;
/**
* Creates a client-side handler.
*/
public EchoClientHandler(int firstMessageSize) {
if (firstMessageSize <= 0) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("firstMessageSize: " + firstMessageSize);
}
firstMessage = Unpooled.buffer(firstMessageSize);
for (int i = 0; i < firstMessage.capacity(); i++) {
firstMessage.writeByte((byte) i);
}
}
@Override
public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) {
ctx.writeAndFlush(firstMessage);
System.out.print("active");
}
@Override
public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
ctx.write(msg);
System.out.print("read");
}
@Override
public void channelReadComplete(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
ctx.flush();
System.out.print("readok");
}
@Override
public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) {
// Close the connection when an exception is raised.
logger.log(Level.WARNING, "Unexpected exception from downstream.", cause);
ctx.close();
}
}