Struts 2支持以下幾種表達式語言:
- OGNL(Object-Graph Navigation Language),可以方便地操作對象屬性的開源表達式語言;
- JSTL(JSP Standard Tag Library),JSP 2.0集成的標准的表達式語言;
- Groovy,基於Java平台的動態語言,它具有時下比較流行的動態語言(如Python、Ruby和Smarttalk等)的一些起特性;
- Velocity,嚴格來說不是表達式語言,它是一種基於Java的模板匹配引擎,具說其性能要比JSP好。
Struts 2默認的表達式語言是OGNL,原因是它相對其它表達式語言具有下面幾大優勢:
- 支持對象方法調用,如xxx.doSomeSpecial();
- 支持類靜態的方法調用和值訪問,表達式的格式為@[類全名(包括包路徑)]@[方法名 | 值名],例如:@java.lang.String@format('foo %s', 'bar')或@tutorial.MyConstant@APP_NAME;
- 支持賦值操作和表達式串聯,如price=100, discount=0.8, calculatePrice(),這個表達式會返回80;
- 訪問OGNL上下文(OGNL context)和ActionContext;
- 操作集合對象
OGNL是通常要結合Struts 2的標志一起使用,如<s:property value="xx" />等。大家經常遇到的問題是#、%和$這三個符號的使用。
- 訪問OGNL上下文和Action上下文,#相當於ActionContext.getContext();下表有幾個ActionContext中有用的屬性:
- 用於過濾和投影(projecting)集合,如books.{?#this.price<100}。
- 構造Map,如#{'foo1':'bar1', 'foo2':'bar2'}。
個人覺得OGNL真的很簡單,即使有的表達方式忘了也沒關系,一查就搞定了,尚學堂的教學中有個例子不錯,基本上常用的都包括了。
下面是OGNL表達式的使用例子。

OGNL表達式示例代碼<?xml version="1.0" encoding="GB18030" ?>
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=GB18030" pageEncoding="GB18030"%>
<%@ taglib uri="/struts-tags" prefix="s" %>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=GB18030" />
<title>OGNL表達式語言學習</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol>
<li>訪問值棧中的action的普通屬性: username = <s:property value="username"/> </li>
<li>訪問值棧中對象的普通屬性(get set方法):<s:property value="user.age"/> | <s:property value="user['age']"/> | <s:property value="user[\"age\"]"/> | wrong: <%--<s:property value="user[age]"/>--%></li>
<li>訪問值棧中對象的普通屬性(get set方法): <s:property value="cat.friend.name"/></li>
<li>訪問值棧中對象的普通方法:<s:property value="password.length()"/></li>
<li>訪問值棧中對象的普通方法:<s:property value="cat.miaomiao()" /></li>
<li>訪問值棧中action的普通方法:<s:property value="m()" /></li>
<hr />
<li>訪問靜態方法:<s:property value="@com.bjsxt.struts2.ognl.S@s()"/></li>
<li>訪問靜態屬性:<s:property value="@com.bjsxt.struts2.ognl.S@STR"/></li>
<li>訪問Math類的靜態方法:<s:property value="@@max(2,3)" /></li>
<hr />
<li>訪問普通類的構造方法:<s:property value="new com.bjsxt.struts2.ognl.User(8)"/></li>
<hr />
<li>訪問List:<s:property value="users"/></li>
<li>訪問List中某個元素:<s:property value="users[1]"/></li>
<li>訪問List中元素某個屬性的集合:<s:property value="users.{age}"/></li>
<li>訪問List中元素某個屬性的集合中的特定值:<s:property value="users.{age}[0]"/> | <s:property value="users[0].age"/></li>
<li>訪問Set:<s:property value="dogs"/></li>
<li>訪問Set中某個元素:<s:property value="dogs[1]"/></li>
<li>訪問Map:<s:property value="dogMap"/></li>
<li>訪問Map中某個元素:<s:property value="dogMap.dog101"/> | <s:property value="dogMap['dog101']"/> | <s:property value="dogMap[\"dog101\"]"/></li>
<li>訪問Map中所有的key:<s:property value="dogMap.keys"/></li>
<li>訪問Map中所有的value:<s:property value="dogMap.values"/></li>
<li>訪問容器的大小:<s:property value="dogMap.size()"/> | <s:property value="users.size"/> </li>
<hr />
<li>投影(過濾):<s:property value="users.{?#this.age==1}[0]"/></li>
<li>投影:<s:property value="users.{^#this.age>1}.{age}"/></li>
<li>投影:<s:property value="users.{$#this.age>1}.{age}"/></li>
<li>投影:<s:property value="users.{$#this.age>1}.{age} == null"/></li>
<hr />
<li>[]:<s:property value="[0].username"/></li>
</ol>
<s:debug></s:debug>
</body>
</html>
下面是對應的java,都是最簡單的class
OgnlAction.java

OgnlAction.javapackage com.bjsxt.struts2.ognl;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;
import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport;
public class OgnlAction extends ActionSupport {
private Cat cat;
private Map<String, Dog> dogMap = new HashMap<String, Dog>();
private Set<Dog> dogs = new HashSet<Dog>();
private String username;
private String password;
private User user;
private List<User> users = new ArrayList<User>();
public OgnlAction() {
users.add(new User(1));
users.add(new User(2));
users.add(new User(3));
dogs.add(new Dog("dog1"));
dogs.add(new Dog("dog2"));
dogs.add(new Dog("dog3"));
dogMap.put("dog100", new Dog("dog100"));
dogMap.put("dog101", new Dog("dog101"));
dogMap.put("dog102", new Dog("dog102"));
}
public String execute() {
return SUCCESS;
}
public String m() {
return "hello";
}
public User getUser() {
return user;
}
public void setUser(User user) {
this.user = user;
}
public String getUsername() {
return username;
}
public void setUsername(String username) {
this.username = username;
}
public String getPassword() {
return password;
}
public void setPassword(String password) {
this.password = password;
}
public Cat getCat() {
return cat;
}
public void setCat(Cat cat) {
this.cat = cat;
}
public Map<String, Dog> getDogMap() {
return dogMap;
}
public void setDogMap(Map<String, Dog> dogMap) {
this.dogMap = dogMap;
}
public Set<Dog> getDogs() {
return dogs;
}
public void setDogs(Set<Dog> dogs) {
this.dogs = dogs;
}
public List<User> getUsers() {
return users;
}
public void setUsers(List<User> users) {
this.users = users;
}
}
Dog.java

Dog.javapackage com.bjsxt.struts2.ognl;
public class Dog {
private String name;
public Dog() {
}
public Dog(String name) {
super();
this.name = name;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "dog: " + name;
}
}
Cat.java

Cat.javapackage com.bjsxt.struts2.ognl;
public class Cat {
private Dog friend;
public Dog getFriend() {
return friend;
}
public void setFriend(Dog friend) {
this.friend = friend;
}
public String miaomiao() {
return "miaomiao";
}
}
User.java

User.javapackage com.bjsxt.struts2.ognl;
public class User {
private int age = 8;
public User() {
}
public User(int age) {
super();
this.age = age;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "user" + age;
}
}
S.java

User.javapackage com.bjsxt.struts2.ognl;
public class S {
public static String STR = "STATIC STRING";
public static String s() {
return "static method";
}
}