俗話說"工欲善其事,必先利其器",要真正的開發MVC網站,不光要掌握我在前兩節提到的理論知識,而且還要擁有強大的武器裝備。MVC視圖開發是通過HtmlHelper的各種擴展方法來實現的(位於System.Web.Mvc.Html下)。主要包含以下7大類:FormExtensions、InputExtensions、LinkExtensions、SelectExtensions、TextAreaExtensions、ValidationExtensions及RenderPartialExtensions類。不僅如此,通過HtmlHelper的擴展方法還能開發更多的自定義控件(如我以后講到的GridView等)。下面我一一講解這些控件。
FormExtensions:在視圖中添加表單和表單路由,分別是BeginForm、BeginRouteForm和EndForm。BeginForm用於定義表單的開始部分,重載方法如下:
BeginForm(); BeginForm(object routeValues); BeginForm(RouteValueDictionary routeValues); BeginForm(string actionName,string controllerName); BeginForm(string actionName,string controllerName,object routeValues); BeginForm(string actionName,string controllerName,RouteValueDictionary routeValues); BeginForm(string actionName,string controllerName,FormMethod method); BeginForm(string actionName,string controllerName,object routeValues,FormMethod method); BeginForm(string actionName,string controllerName,RouteValueDictionary routeVaues,FormMethod method); BeginForm(string actionName,string controllerName,FormMethod method,object htmlAttributes); BeginForm(string actionName,string controllerName,FormMethod method,IDictionary<string,object> htmlAttributes); BeginForm(string actionName,string controllerName,object routeValues,FormMethod method,object htmlAttributes); BeginForm(string actionName,string controllerName,RouteValueDictionary routeValues,FormMethod method,IDictionary<string,object> htmlAttributes);
可以通過以下代碼設置路由對象:
Html.BeginForm(new { controller = "blog", action = "show", author = "miracle" })
對應生成的HTML代碼(默認提交方法為post):
<form action="/blog/show/miracle" method="post"/>
也可以通過BeginForm設置提交方法,以FormMethod為最高優先級,然后才是屬性設置。
Html.BeginForm("show", "blog", FormMethod.Post, new { method = "get" })
對應生成的HTML代碼(盡管后面又對方法進行了更改,但是以FormMethod優先級最高,提交方法仍然為post):
<form action="/blog/show" method="post"/>
還可以設置屬性(例如id,class等),如同時在屬性中設置了action,則以屬性設置為最高優先級。
Html.BeginForm("show", "blog", new RouteValueDictionary { { "author", "miracle" } }, FormMethod.Post, new RouteValueDictionary { { "action", "compose" }, { "class", "begin-form" } })
對應生成的HTML代碼(添加了class,同時更改了action):
<form action="/blog/show/miracle" class="begin-form" method="post"/>
同時,也可以利用BeginRouteForm來定義form開頭部分,不過不同的是,此時不用強制指定controller(當前也可以指定),默認當前頁面所在的目錄對應的控制器。重載方法如下:
BeginRouteForm(object routeValues); BeginRouteForm(RouteValueDictionary routeValues); BeginRouteForm(string routeName); BeginRouteForm(string routeName,object routeValues); BeginRouteForm(string routeName,RouteValueDictionary routeValues); BeginRouteForm(string routeName,FormMethod method); BeginRouteForm(string routeName,object routeValues,FormMethod method); BeginRouteForm(string routeName,RouteValueDictionary routeValues,FormMethod method); BeginRouteForm(string routeName,FormMethod method,object htmlAttributes); BeginRouteForm(string routeName,FormMethod method,IDictionary<string,object> htmlAttributes); BeginRouteForm(string routeName,object routeValues,FormMethod method,object htmlAttributes); BeginRouteForm(string routeName,RouteValueDictionary routeValues,FormMethod method,IDictionary<string,object> htmlAttributes);
可以通過以下代碼設置路由對象:
Html.BeginRouteForm(new { action="show"})
對應生成的HTML代碼(盡管沒有指定controller):
<form action="/blog/show" method="post"/>
其他的設置與BeginForm類似。可通過EndForm定義結尾部分,不過一般在實際項目中,使用using來定義form而不是調用Html.EndForm。
<% using (Html.BeginForm(new { controller = "blog", action = "show", author = "miracle" })) {%> 表單內容 <%} %>
InputExtensions:包含設置CheckBox、RadioButton、Hidden、TextBox及Password控件。
首先來看CheckBox控件,重載方法列表:
CheckBox(string name); CheckBox(string name,bool isChecked); CheckBox(string name,bool isChecked,object htmlAttributes); CheckBox(string name,object htmlAttributes); CheckBox(string name,IDictionary<string,object> htmlAttributes); CheckBox(string name,bool isChecked,IDictionary<string,object> htmlAttributes);
我們來看看對應的頁面代碼:
<%using (Html.BeginForm("CheckBox", "Control")) {%> <fieldset> <legend>設置字體</legend> <%=Html.CheckBox("chkBlack", true, new { id="chkBlack"})%> <label for="chkBlack"> 黑色</label> <%=Html.CheckBox("chkBlue", false, new { id = "chkBlue" })%> <label for="chkBlue"> 藍色</label> </fieldset> <%} %>
對應生成的HTML代碼:
<form action="/Control/CheckBox" method="post"> <fieldset> <legend>設置字體</legend> <input checked="checked" id="chkBlack" name="chkBlack" type="checkbox" value="true" /> <input name="chkBlack" type="hidden" value="false" /> <label for="chkBlack"> 黑色</label> <input id="chkBlue" name="chkBlue" type="checkbox" value="true" /> <input name="chkBlue" type="hidden" value="false" /> <label for="chkBlue"> 藍色</label> </fieldset> </form>
我們可以看出,每一個CheckBox都會對應另外生成一個隱藏控件,可以利用它來檢測復選框的選中狀態。
public ActionResult ShowCheckBox(FormCollection form) { bool isCheckedBlack = form["chkBlack"].Contains("true"); bool isCheckedBlue = form["chkBlue"].Contains("true"); ViewData["Black"] = isCheckedBlack; ViewData["Blue"] = isCheckedBlue; return View(); }
接下來看看單選控件RadioButton,重載方法列表:
RadioButton(string name,object value); RadioButton(string name,object value,object htmlAttributes); RadioButton(string name,object value,IDictionary<string,object> htmlAttributes); RadioButton(string name,object value,bool isChecked); RadioButton(string name,object value,bool isChecked,object htmlAttributes); RadioButton(string name,object value,bool isChecked,IDictionary<string,object> htmlAttributes);
<%using (Html.BeginForm("RadioButton", "Control")) {%> <fieldset> <legend>設置字體</legend> <%=Html.RadioButton("color", "black", true, new { id = "rbBlack" })%> <label for="rbBlack"> 黑色</label> <%=Html.RadioButton("color", "blue", false, new { id = "rbBlue" })%> <label for="rbBlue"> 藍色</label> </fieldset> <%} %>
<form action="/Control/RadioButton" method="post"> <fieldset> <legend>設置字體</legend> <input checked="checked" id="rbBlack" name="color" type="radio" value="black" /> <label for="rbBlack"> 黑色</label> <input id="rbBlue" name="color" type="radio" value="blue" /> <label for="rbBlue"> 藍色</label> </fieldset> </form>
我們可以發現RadioButton的name值是一樣的,保證單選的唯一性。同時不需要額外的隱藏控件來保存是否選中。
接下來看看隱藏控件是如何實現的:
Hidden(string name); Hidden(string name,object value); Hidden(string name,object value,object htmlAttributes); Hidden(string name,object value,IDictionary<string,object> htmlAttributes);
生成的隱藏控件及HTML代碼如下:
Html.Hidden("name", "miracle"); <input id="name" name="name" type="hidden" value="miracle" />
由於文本框及密碼的生成方式與Hidden類似,這里就不再介紹了。
LinkExtensions:在視圖中設置鏈接,包含ActionLink和RouteLink。兩者基本功能一致,只是后者可以指定路由名稱而已。
我們以ActionLink為例來講解,重載方法列表:
ActionLink(string linkText,string actionName); ActionLink(string linkText,string actionName,object routeValues); ActionLink(string linkText,string actionName,object routeValues,object htmlAttributes); ActionLink(string linkText,string actionName,RouteValueDictionary routeValues); ActionLink(string linkText,string actionName,RouteValueDictionary routeValues,IDictionary<string,object> htmlAttributes); ActionLink(string linkText,string actionName,string controller); ActionLink(string linkText,string actionName,string controller,object routeValues,object htmlAttributes); ActionLink(string linkText,string actionName,string controller,RouteValueDictionary routeValues,IDictionary<string,object> htmlAttributes); ActionLink(string linkText,string actionName,string controller,string protocol,string hostName,string fragment,object routeValues,object htmlAttributes); ActionLink(string linkText,string actionName,string controller,string protocol,string hostName,string fragment,RouteValueDictionary routeValues,IDictionary<string,object> htmlAttributes);
Html.ActionLink("Miracle's Blog", "Show", "Blog") <a href="/Blog/Show">Miracle's Blog</a>
在這里,簡單的列舉一下RouteLink的相關方法:
RouteLink(string linkText,object routeValues); RouteLink(string linkText,RouteValueDictionary routeValues); RouteLink(string linkText,string routeName,object routeValues); RouteLink(string linkText,string routeName,RouteValueDictionary routeValues); RouteLink(string linkText,object routeValues,object htmlAttributes); RouteLink(string linkText,RouteValueDictionary routeValues,IDictionary<string,object> htmlAttributes); RouteLink(string linkText,string routeName,object routeValues,object htmlAttributes); RouteLink(string linkText,string routeName,RouteValueDictionary routeValues,IDictionary<string,object> htmlAttributes); RouteLink(string linkText,string routeName,string protocol,string hostName,string fragment,object routeValues,object htmlAttributes); RouteLink(string linkText,string routeName,string protocol,string hostName,string fragment,RouteValueDictionary routeValues,IDictionary<string,object> htmlAttributes);
Html.RouteLink("Miracle's Blog", "default", new { author="miracle"}) <a href="/Blog/Show/miracle">Miracle's Blog</a>
SelectExtensions:包含DropDownList和ListBox控件。前者為下拉列表,后者為列表框。
DropDownList下拉列表的重載方法列表:
DropDownList(string name); DropDownList(string name,string optionLabel); DropDownList(string name,IEnumerable<SelectListItem> selectList,string optionLabel); DropDownList(string name,IEnumerable<SelectListItem> selectList,string optionLabel,object htmlAttributes); DropDownList(string name,IEnumerable<SelectListItem> selectList); DropDownList(string name,IEnumerable<SelectListItem> selectList,object htmlAttributes); DropDownList(string name,IEnumerable<SelectListItem> selectList,IDictionary<string,object> htmlAttributes); DropDownList(string name,IEnumerable<SelectListItem> selectList,string optionLabel,IDictionary<string,object> htmlAttributes);
查看一下DropDownList應用頁面及HTML:
public ActionResult ShowDropDownList() { ViewData["Category"] = new SelectList(db.Categories, "CategoryID", "CategoryName"); return View(); }
<%using (Html.BeginForm("SelectDropDownList", "Control")) {%> <fieldset> <legend>選擇類別</legend> <%=Html.DropDownList("Category")%> <input type="submit" value="選擇"/> </fieldset> <%} %> <form action="/Control/SelectDropDownList" method="post"> <fieldset> <legend>選擇產品類別</legend> <select id="Category" name="Category"> <option value="1">Beverages</option> <option value="2">Condiments</option> <option value="3">Confections</option> <option value="4">Dairy Products</option> <option value="5">Grains/Cereals</option> <option value="6">Meat/Poultry</option> <option value="7">Produce</option> <option value="8">Seafood</option> </select> <input type="submit" value="選擇"/></fieldset> </form>
要獲取當前選中的項,代碼如下:
public ActionResult SelectDropDownList(FormCollection form) { var selectedCategories = form["Category"]; ViewData["SelectCategory"] = new SelectList(db.Categories, "CategoryID", "CategoryName", selectedCategories); return View(); }
<%using (Html.BeginForm("ShowDropDownList", "Control")) {%> <fieldset> <legend>當前選中類別</legend> <%=Html.DropDownList("SelectCategory")%> <input type="submit" value="返回"/> </fieldset> <%} %> <form action="/" method="post"> <fieldset> <legend>當前選中類別</legend> <select id="SelectCategory" name="SelectCategory"> <option value="1">Beverages</option> <option value="2">Condiments</option> <option value="3">Confections</option> <option value="4">Dairy Products</option> <option value="5">Grains/Cereals</option> <option value="6">Meat/Poultry</option> <option value="7">Produce</option> <option selected="selected" value="8">Seafood</option> </select> <input type="submit" value="返回"/> </fieldset> </form>
ListBox列表框可選中多個項(設置multiple):
ListBox(string name); ListBox(string name,IEnumerable<SelectListItem> selectList); ListBox(string name,IEnumerable<SelectListItem> selectList,object htmlAttributes); ListBox(string name,IEnumerable<SelectListItem> selectList,IDictionary<string,object> htmlAttributes);
查看一下ListBox應用頁面及HTML:
public ActionResult ShowListBox() { ViewData["Category"] = new SelectList(db.Categories, "CategoryID", "CategoryName"); return View(); }
<%using (Html.BeginForm("SelectListBox", "Control")) {%> <fieldset> <legend>選擇類別</legend> <%=Html.ListBox("Category")%> <input type="submit" value="選擇"/> </fieldset> <%} %> <form action="/Control/SelectListBox" method="post"> <fieldset> <legend>選擇類別</legend> <select id="Category" multiple="multiple" name="Category"> <option value="1">Beverages</option> <option value="2">Condiments</option> <option value="3">Confections</option> <option value="4">Dairy Products</option> <option value="5">Grains/Cereals</option> <option value="6">Meat/Poultry</option> <option value="7">Produce</option> <option value="8">Seafood</option> </select> <input type="submit" value="選擇"/> </fieldset> </form>
當選中多項時,代碼如下:
public ActionResult SelectListBox(FormCollection form) { var selectedCategories = form["Category"].Split(',').AsEnumerable(); ViewData["SelectCategory"] = new MultiSelectList(db.Categories, "CategoryID", "CategoryName", selectedCategories); return View(); }
<%using (Html.BeginForm("ShowListBox", "Control")) {%> <fieldset> <legend>當前選中類別</legend> <%=Html.ListBox("SelectCategory")%> <input type="submit" value="返回"/> </fieldset> <%} %> <form action="/" method="post"> <fieldset> <legend>當前選中類別</legend> <select id="SelectCategory" multiple="multiple" name="SelectCategory"> <option value="1">Beverages</option> <option selected="selected" value="2">Condiments</option> <option selected="selected" value="3">Confections</option> <option value="4">Dairy Products</option> <option value="5">Grains/Cereals</option> <option value="6">Meat/Poultry</option> <option value="7">Produce</option> <option value="8">Seafood</option> </select> <input type="submit" value="返回"/> </fieldset> </form>
TextAreaExtensions:設置文本域控件。重載方法列表:
TextArea(string name); TextArea(string name,object htmlAttributes); TextArea(string name,IDictionary<string,object> htmlAttributes); TextArea(string name,string value); TextArea(string name,string value,object htmlAttributes); TextArea(string name,string value,IDictionary<string,object> htmlAttributes); TextArea(string name,string value,int rows,int cols,object htmlAttributes); TextArea(string name,string value,int rows,int cols,IDictionary<string,object> htmlAttributes);
我們先添加一個簡單的TextArea,默認情況下會生成2行10列:
Html.TextArea("description", "My name is miracle") <textarea cols="20" id="description" name="description" rows="2">My name is miracle</textarea>
也可以指定行數和列數:
Html.TextArea("description", "My name is miracle", new { rows=5,cols=10 }) <textarea cols="10" id="description" name="description" rows="5">My name is miracle</textarea>
ValidationExtensions:實現表單控件的輸入驗證,包含ValidationMessage和ValidationSummary控件。
首先簡單的看一下ValidationMessage控件,重載方法列表:
ValidationMessage(string modelName); ValidationMessage(string modelName,object htmlAttributes); ValidationMessage(string modelName,string validationMessage); ValidationMessage(string modelName,string validationMessage,object htmlAttributes); ValidationMessage(string modelName,IDictionary<string,object> htmlAttributes); ValidationMessage(string modelName,string validationMessage,IDictionary<string,object> htmlAttributes);
Html.TextBox("ProductName")
Html.ValidationMessage("ProductName", "*")
接下來看一下ValidationMessage和ValidationSummary的結合運用:
ValidationSummary(); ValidationSummary(string message); ValidationSummary(string message,object htmlAttributes); ValidationSummary(string message,IDictionary<string,object> htmlAttributes);
一般ValidationSummary應放在表單的外部:
<%=Html.ValidationSummary("創建不成功,請確認是否填寫正確!") %> <%using (Html.BeginForm()) {%> <fieldset> <legend>輸入驗證</legend> <p> <label for="ProductName">名稱:</label> <%=Html.TextBox("ProductName")%> <%=Html.ValidationMessage("ProductName","*") %> </p> <p> <label for="Description">描述:</label> <%=Html.TextBox("Description")%> <%=Html.ValidationMessage("Description", "*")%> </p> <p> <label for="UnitPrice">單價:</label> <%=Html.TextBox("UnitPrice")%> <%=Html.ValidationMessage("UnitPrice", "*")%> </p> <p> <input type="submit" value="創建"/> </p> </fieldset> <%} %>
通常結合兩者使用,並在錯誤邏輯中加入ModelState,通過ModelState.IsValid判斷是否通過自定義驗證。
RenderPartialExtensions:實現將現有自定義控件或分部視圖加入到視圖,重載方法列表如下:
RenderPartial(string partialViewName); RenderPartial(string partialViewName,ViewDataDictionary viewData); RenderPartial(string partialViewName,object model); RenderPartial(string partialViewName,object model,ViewDataDictionary viewData);
如將類別列表控件(CategoryList.ascx)加入到當前視圖:
Html.RenderPartial("CategoryList");