一 內存分配管理機制
memcached是一個高性能的,分布式內存對象緩存系統,用於在動態系統中減少數據庫負載,提升性能。memcached有一個很有特色的內存管理方式,為了提高效率,默認情況下采用了名為Slab Allocator的機制分配管理內存空間。
memcached文檔中關於slab allocator有這么一段話:
the primary goal of the slabs subsystem in memcached was to eliminate memory fragmentation issues totally by using fixed-size memory chunks coming from a few predetermined size classes.
由此,我們可以看出,memcached使用預申請內存並分組成特定塊的方式,旨在解決內存碎片的問題。
Memcached的內存管理方式還是比較簡單易懂的,使用的是slab->chunk的組織方式管理內存。Slab是Memcached進行內存申請的最小單位,默認一般為1MB,可使用命令行參數進行自定義設置。然后使用分塊機制將slab分成一定大小分成若干個chunks。如下圖所示(此圖來源於網絡):

二 源碼分析
1 關鍵數據結構
(1)settings結構體原型:
/* When adding a setting, be sure to update process_stat_settings */
/**
* Globally accessible settings as derived from the commandline.
*/
struct settings {
//最大內存, 默認64M,最大2G。通過-m 設定
size_t maxbytes;
//最大連接數,默認1024 通過-c設定
int maxconns;
//tcp 端口號,通過-p 設置
int port;
//ucp 端口號,通過-U 設置
int udpport;
//監聽IP或SOCKET地址 ,通過-l設定
char *inter;
//是否輸出debug信息。由-v,-vvv參數設定
int verbose;
//時間設定,當使用flsuh時,只需要修改本值,當取出的值時間小於本值時,將被忽略。
rel_time_t oldest_live; /* ignore existing items older than this */
//當內存存滿時,是否淘汰老數據。默認是是。可用-M修改為否。此時內容耗盡時,新插入數據時將返回失敗。
int evict_to_free;
//socket模式,使用-s設定。
char *socketpath; /* path to unix socket if using local socket */
//socket文件的文件權限,使用-a設定
int access; /* access mask (a la chmod) for unix domain socket */
//slab分配增量因子,默認圍1.25, 可通過-f設定
double factor; /* chunk size growth factor */
//給一個key+value+flags 分配的最小字節數。 默認值為48. 可通過-n修改。
int chunk_size;
//工作線程數。默認圍4, 可通過-t設定
int num_threads; /* number of worker (without dispatcher) libevent threads to run */
//狀態詳情的key前綴
char prefix_delimiter; /* character that marks a key prefix (for stats) */
//開啟狀態詳情記錄
int detail_enabled; /* nonzero if we're collecting detailed stats */
//每個event處理的請求數
int reqs_per_event; /* Maximum number of io to process on each io-event. */
//開啟cas,"cas"是一個存儲檢查操作。用來檢查臟數據的存操作。在取出數據后,如果沒有其他人修改此數據時,本進程才能夠存儲數據。默認為開啟。需要版本:1.3+
bool use_cas;
//使用協議, 試過-B參數設定。 可能值為:ascii, binary, or auto, 版本: 1.4.0+
enum protocol binding_protocol;
//等待處理的排隊隊列長度。默認值為1024.
int backlog;
//單個item最大字計數。默認1M。可通過-I參數修改。在1.4.2版本之后,這個值可以大於1M,必須小於128M。但memcached會拋出警告,大於1M將導致整體運行內存的增加和內存性能的降低。 版本: 1.4.2+
int item_size_max; /* Maximum item size, and upper end for slabs */
//是否開啟sasl
bool sasl; /* SASL on/off */
};
(2)item結構體原型:
typedef struct _stritem {
struct _stritem *next;
struct _stritem *prev;
struct _stritem *h_next; /* hash chain next */
rel_time_t time; /* least recent access */
rel_time_t exptime; /* expire time */
int nbytes; /* size of data */
unsigned short refcount;
uint8_t nsuffix; /* length of flags-and-length string */
uint8_t it_flags; /* ITEM_* above */
uint8_t slabs_clsid;/* which slab class we're in */
uint8_t nkey; /* key length, w/terminating null and padding */
/* this odd type prevents type-punning issues when we do
* the little shuffle to save space when not using CAS. */
union {
uint64_t cas;
char end;
} data[];
/* if it_flags & ITEM_CAS we have 8 bytes CAS */
/* then null-terminated key */
/* then " flags length\r\n" (no terminating null) */
/* then data with terminating \r\n (no terminating null; it's binary!) */
} item;
(3)slabclass_t結構體原型
typedef struct {
unsigned int size; /* sizes of items */
unsigned int perslab; /* how many items per slab */
void **slots; /* list of item ptrs */
unsigned int sl_total; /* size of previous array */
unsigned int sl_curr; /* first free slot */
void *end_page_ptr; /* pointer to next free item at end of page, or 0 */
unsigned int end_page_free; /* number of items remaining at end of last alloced page */
unsigned int slabs; /* how many slabs were allocated for this class */
void **slab_list; /* array of slab pointers */
unsigned int list_size; /* size of prev array */
unsigned int killing; /* index+1 of dying slab, or zero if none */
size_t requested; /* The number of requested bytes */
} slabclass_t;
(4)memcatchd.c文件中定義的部分宏
#define POWER_SMALLEST 1 #define POWER_LARGEST 200 #define CHUNK_ALIGN_BYTES 8 #define DONT_PREALLOC_SLABS #define MAX_NUMBER_OF_SLAB_CLASSES (POWER_LARGEST + 1)
2 分配算法的實現
(1)memcatchd.c中main函數中運行狀態的初始化
int main()
{
…
settings_init();
…
//利用命令行參數信息,對setting進行設置
while (-1 != (c = getopt(argc, argv,…)
{…}
…
//settings.factor 初始化為1.25,可以使用命令行參數-f進行設置
slabs_init(settings.maxbytes, settings.factor, preallocate);
}
settings_init()是初始化全局變量settings函數,在memcatchd.c文件實現
static void settings_init(void) {
settings.use_cas = true;
settings.access = 0700;
settings.port = 11211;
settings.udpport = 11211;
/* By default this string should be NULL for getaddrinfo() */
settings.inter = NULL;
settings.maxbytes = 64 * 1024 * 1024; /* default is 64MB */
settings.maxconns = 1024; /* to limit connections-related memory to about 5MB */
settings.verbose = 0;
settings.oldest_live = 0;
settings.evict_to_free = 1; /* push old items out of cache when memory runs out */
settings.socketpath = NULL; /* by default, not using a unix socket */
settings.factor = 1.25;
settings.chunk_size = 48; /* space for a modest key and value */
settings.num_threads = 4; /* N workers */
settings.num_threads_per_udp = 0;
settings.prefix_delimiter = ':';
settings.detail_enabled = 0;
settings.reqs_per_event = 20;
settings.backlog = 1024;
settings.binding_protocol = negotiating_prot;
settings.item_size_max = 1024 * 1024; /* The famous 1MB upper limit. */
}
從該設置setting的初始化函數可看出,settings.item_size_max = 1024 * 1024; 即每個slab默認的空間大小為1MB,settings.factor = 1.25; 默認設置item的size步長增長因子為1.25。使用命令行參數對setting進行定制后,調用slabs_init函數,根據配置的setting來初始化slabclass。slabs_init函數於Slabs.c文件中實現:
// slabs管理器初始化函數:limit默認64MB,prealloc默認false,可使用命令行參數’L’進行設置。
void slabs_init(const size_t limit, const double factor, const bool prealloc) {
int i = POWER_SMALLEST - 1; //#define POWER_SMALLEST 1;i初始化為0
//item(_stritem):storing items within memcached
unsigned int size = sizeof(item) + settings.chunk_size;//chunk_size:48
mem_limit = limit; //limit默認64MB
//預分配為真時:
if (prealloc) {
/* Allocate everything in a big chunk with malloc */
mem_base = malloc(mem_limit);
if (mem_base != NULL) {
//mem_current:靜態變量,記錄分配內存塊的基地址
//mem_avail:可用內存大小
mem_current = mem_base;
mem_avail = mem_limit;
} else {
fprintf(stderr, "Warning: Failed to allocate requested memory in"
" one large chunk.\nWill allocate in smaller chunks\n");
}
}
//static slabclass_t slabclass[MAX_NUMBER_OF_SLAB_CLASSES];
//#define MAX_NUMBER_OF_SLAB_CLASSES (POWER_LARGEST + 1)
//#define POWER_LARGEST 200
memset(slabclass, 0, sizeof(slabclass));
// /* settings.item_size_max: Maximum item size, and upper end for slabs,默認為1MB */
//item核心分配算法
while (++i < POWER_LARGEST && size <= settings.item_size_max / factor) {
/* Make sure items are always n-byte aligned */
//#define CHUNK_ALIGN_BYTES 8
if (size % CHUNK_ALIGN_BYTES) //確保size為CHUNK_ALIGN_BYTES的倍數,不夠則向補足
size += CHUNK_ALIGN_BYTES - (size % CHUNK_ALIGN_BYTES);
slabclass[i].size = size;
slabclass[i].perslab = settings.item_size_max / slabclass[i].size; //記錄每個slab中item的個數
size *= factor; //每次循環size的大小都增加factor倍
if (settings.verbose > 1) {
fprintf(stderr, "slab class %3d: chunk size %9u perslab %7u\n",
i, slabclass[i].size, slabclass[i].perslab);
}
}
//補足一塊大小為item_size_max的塊
power_largest = i;
slabclass[power_largest].size = settings.item_size_max;
slabclass[power_largest].perslab = 1;
if (settings.verbose > 1) {
fprintf(stderr, "slab class %3d: chunk size %9u perslab %7u\n",
i, slabclass[i].size, slabclass[i].perslab);
}
/* for the test suite: faking of how much we've already malloc'd */
{
char *t_initial_malloc = getenv("T_MEMD_INITIAL_MALLOC");
if (t_initial_malloc) {
mem_malloced = (size_t)atol(t_initial_malloc);
}
}
#ifndef DONT_PREALLOC_SLABS //已經定義了
{
char *pre_alloc = getenv("T_MEMD_SLABS_ALLOC");
if (pre_alloc == NULL || atoi(pre_alloc) != 0) {
slabs_preallocate(power_largest);
}
}
#endif
}
在memcached的內存管理機制中,使用了一個slabclass_t類型(類型聲明見上“關鍵數據結構”一節)的數組slabclass對划分的slab及進行統一的管理
slabclass的聲明:static slabclass_t slabclass[MAX_NUMBER_OF_SLAB_CLASSES];
每一個slab被划分為若干個chunk,每個chunk里保存一個item,每個item同時包含了item結構體、key和value(注意在memcached中的value是只有字符串的)。slab按照自己的id分別組成鏈表,這些鏈表又按id掛在一個slabclass數組上,整個結構看起來有點像二維數組。
在定位item時,使用slabs_clsid函數,傳入參數為item大小,返回值為classid:
/*
* Figures out which slab class (chunk size) is required to store an item of
* a given size.
* Given object size, return id to use when allocating/freeing memory for object
* 0 means error: can't store such a large object
*/
unsigned int slabs_clsid(const size_t size) {
int res = POWER_SMALLEST;
if (size == 0)
return 0;
while (size > slabclass[res].size)
if (res++ == power_largest) /* won't fit in the biggest slab */
return 0; //分配的值不能滿足
return res; //返回第一個大於size的索引值
}
根據返回的索引值即可定位到滿足該size的slabclass項。從源碼中可以看出:chunk的size初始值為sizeof(item)+settings.chunk_size(key 和 value所使用的最小空間,默認為48);chunk的大小以factor的倍數進行增長,最高為slab的最大值的一半,最后一個slab的大小為slab的最大值,這也是memcached所能允許分配的最大的item值。
本小節到此結束,在下一小節中將繼續分析memcached的存儲機制並分析該機制的優缺點。
注:本系列文章基於memcached-1.4.6版本進行分析。
reference:
[1] http://blog.developers.api.sina.com.cn/?p=124&cpage=1#comment-1506
[2] http://kb.cnblogs.com/page/42732/
