一、Oracle 控制文件
為二進制文件，初始化大小由CREATE DATABASE指定,可以使用RMAN備份
記錄了當前數據庫的結構信息,同時也包含數據文件及日志文件的信息以及相關的狀態,歸檔信息等等
在參數文件中描述其位置，個數等等。通常采用分散放開，多路復用的原則。在mount階段被讀取，open階段一直被使用
維護數據庫一致性(數據庫啟動時會比較控制文件與聯機日志文件中的ckpt,即起始scn號，如相等則正常啟動，否則需要介質恢復)
一個控制文件只能屬於一個數據庫
控制文件的任意修改將寫入到初始化參數中指定的所有控制文件中，讀取時則僅讀取第一個控制文件
控制文件只能連接一個數據庫，控制文件的大小一般不要超過MB,最多為個，最少一個，互為鏡像
控制文件中包含的內容
數據庫的名字、ID、創建的時間戳
表空間的名字
聯機日志文件、數據文件的位置、個數、名字
聯機日志的Sequence號碼
檢查點的信息
撤銷段的開始或結束
歸檔信息
備份信息
二、查看控制文件的相關信息
1.使用相關視圖來查看
V$CONTROLFILE --列出實例中所有控制文件的名字及狀態信息
V$PARAMETER --列出所有參數的位置及狀態信息
V$CONTROLFILE_RECORD_SECTION --列出控制文件中記錄的部分信息
SHOW PARAMETER CONTROL_FILES --列出控制文件的名字、狀態、位置等
2.使用STRINGS命令來查看控制文件中的具體內容
3.備份控制文件到平面文件(然后查看控制文件中的具體內容)
SQL> alter database backup controlfile to trace as '/u01/app/oracle/ctl.txt';
Database altered.
4.轉儲控制文件內容(查看控制文件中的具體內容)
alter session set events 'immediate trace name CONTROLF level 12'; level表示級別
或 --level1 塊頭的內容 --level2 數據文件內容 --levle 10 |12 所有內容
oradebug setmypid
oradebug dump controlf 12
SQL> alter system set events 'immediate trace name controlf level 10';
System altered.
SQL> show parameter user_dump;
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
user_dump_dest string /u01/app/oracle/admin/orcl/udu
mp
三、控制文件的管理
規划原則：多路復用,建議存放到不同的磁盤或同一磁盤不同的分區
個數與位置及狀態管理:
查看控制文件的狀態是否與參數定義中的相吻合,當數據庫發生結構修改時，將修改內容同時寫入控制文件
備份管理
恢復管理
新建控制文件語句
spfile或pfile都可以實現對控制文件的個數及位置管理
spfile步驟
修改spfile參數中的control_files -- alter system ... scope = spfile | both |memory
一致性關閉數據庫
增加或減少控制文件(cp or mv)
啟動數據庫使用spfile
驗證結果
pfile步驟
一致性關閉數據庫
修改pfile參數(vi或vim) 修改*.control_files＝......這一段
增加或減少控制文件(cp or mv)
啟動數據庫使用pfile
驗證結果
--演示spfile修改控制文件
SQL> show parameter control_file
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
control_file_record_keep_time integer 7
control_files string /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/c
ontrol01.ctl, /u01/app/oracle/
oradata/orcl/control02.ctl, /u
01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/con
trol03.ctl
--將控制文件減少到一個
SQL> alter system set control_files = '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl' scope =spfile;
System altered.
SQL> shutdown immediate;
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> startup mount
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 251658240 bytes
Fixed Size 1218796 bytes
Variable Size 88082196 bytes
Database Buffers 159383552 bytes
Redo Buffers 2973696 bytes
Database mounted.
--再次查看參數文件,已顯示為一個
SQL> show parameter control_file
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
control_file_record_keep_time integer 7
control_files string /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/c
ontrol01.ctl
--增加控制文件(在nomount狀態下即可修改)
SQL> alter system set control_files = '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl',
2 '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control02.ctl',
3 '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control03.ctl'
4 scope = spfile;
System altered.
--啟動時可以看到在實例階段出現了版本號不一致的問題
SQL> startup force
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 251658240 bytes
Fixed Size 1218796 bytes
Variable Size 88082196 bytes
Database Buffers 159383552 bytes
Redo Buffers 2973696 bytes
ORA-00214: control file '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl' version
1051 inconsistent with file '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control02.ctl'
version 1049
--處理辦法,用版本號高的控制文件覆蓋版本號低的控制文件
SQL> host cp /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control02.ctl;
SQL> host cp /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control03.ctl;
SQL> alter database mount;
Database altered.
SQL> alter database open;
Database altered.
對於控制文件丟失的情況下,通過查看參數文件中設置,使用操作系統命令逐個查看這些文件是否存在
SQL> host ls /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl
/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl
SQL> host ls /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control02.ctl
/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control02.ctl
查看控制文件所在的目錄可用空間及控制文件的大小,建議不要超過100MB
SQL> host ls /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/c*.ctl -lh
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 6.8M May 23 10:55 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 6.8M May 23 10:55 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control02.ctl
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 6.8M May 23 10:55 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control03.ctl
SQL> ! df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2 6.4G 3.9G 2.2G 64% /
/dev/sdd1 6.8G 3.7G 2.8G 58% /u01
/dev/sdc2 1.2G 34M 1.1G 3% /home
/dev/sdc1 760M 17M 704M 3% /tmp
/dev/sda1 456M 18M 415M 5% /boot
tmpfs 450M 0 450M 0% /dev/shm
none 450M 104K 450M 1% /var/lib/xenstored
控制文件的備份
熱備:
alter database backup controlfile to '<dir>'; --熱備份控制文件
alter database backup controlfile to trace as '<dir>' ;--得到建立控制文件的腳本
RMAN:
backup current controlfile;
backup database include current controlfile;
-- 或者設置RMAN 為自動備份
RMAN > configure controlfile autobackup on;
--演示備份
--用於歸檔模式下的恢復，直接覆蓋到控制文件
SQL> alter database backup controlfile to '/u01/app/oracle/control.bak';
Database altered.
--用於重建控制文件
SQL> alter database backup controlfile to trace as'/u01/app/oracle/recreate_controlfile.txt';
Database altered.
--使用RMAN備份
RMAN> connect target /;
connected to target database: ORCL (DBID=1242732291)
RMAN> backup current controlfile; --handle為備份文件的路徑
Starting backup at 23-MAY-10
using target database control file instead of recovery catalog
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: sid=148 devtype=DISK
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backupset
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backupset
including current control file in backupset
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 23-MAY-10
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 23-MAY-10
piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORCL/backupset/
2010_05_23/o1_mf_ncnnf_TAG20100523T131841_5zkgon2l_.bkp tag=TAG20100523T131841 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:05
Finished backup at 23-MAY-10
RMAN> backup database include current controlfile;
Starting backup at 23-MAY-10
using target database control file instead of recovery catalog
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: sid=141 devtype=DISK
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backupset
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backupset
input datafile fno=00001 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/system01.dbf
input datafile fno=00003 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/sysaux01.dbf
input datafile fno=00005 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/example01.dbf
input datafile fno=00006 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/tbs1_1.dbf
input datafile fno=00007 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/tbs1_2.dbf
input datafile fno=00002 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/undotbs01.dbf
input datafile fno=00004 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/users01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 23-MAY-10
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 23-MAY-10
piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORCL/backupset/
2010_05_23/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20100523T132647_5zkh4sk2_.bkp tag=TAG20100523T132647 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:05:25
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backupset
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backupset
including current control file in backupset
including current SPFILE in backupset
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 23-MAY-10
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 23-MAY-10
piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORCL/backupset/
2010_05_23/o1_mf_ncsnf_TAG20100523T132647_5zkhh5st_.bkp tag=TAG20100523T132647 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:14
Finished backup at 23-MAY-10
RMAN> show all;
RMAN configuration parameters are:
CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO REDUNDANCY 1; # default
CONFIGURE BACKUP OPTIMIZATION OFF; # default
CONFIGURE DEFAULT DEVICE TYPE TO DISK; # default
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP OFF; # default
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO '%F'; # default
CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 1 BACKUP TYPE TO BACKUPSET; # default
CONFIGURE DATAFILE BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # default
CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # default
CONFIGURE MAXSETSIZE TO UNLIMITED; # default
CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION FOR DATABASE OFF; # default
CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION ALGORITHM 'AES128'; # default
CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG DELETION POLICY TO NONE; # default
CONFIGURE SNAPSHOT CONTROLFILE NAME TO '/u01/app/oracle/10g/dbs/snapcf_orcl.f'; # default
RMAN> configure controlfile autobackup on; --將控制文件自動備份功能置為on;
new RMAN configuration parameters:
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP ON;
new RMAN configuration parameters are successfully stored
控制文件的恢復管理
控制文件版本不一致的問題
用較新版本的控制文件覆蓋舊版本的控制文件
直接修改參數control_file
丟失問題
歸檔模式下
當歸檔日志全的時候,先做全備,然后使用備份的控制文件恢復即可
當歸檔日志不全的時候,先做全備,然后建立新的控制文件即可
非歸檔模式下
先做全備,然后建立新的控制文件即可
新建控制文件語句
數據庫處於mount及open狀態
執行alter database backup controlfile to trace as '<dir>';得到建立語句
注意[no]archievelog [no]resetlogs 兩個參數的區別
版本不一致演示
SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 251658240 bytes
Fixed Size 1218796 bytes
Variable Size 88082196 bytes
Database Buffers 159383552 bytes
Redo Buffers 2973696 bytes
ORA-00214: control file '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl' version
1051 inconsistent with file '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control02.ctl'
version 1049
--處理辦法,用版本號高的控制文件覆蓋版本號低的控制文件
SQL> host cp /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control02.ctl;
SQL> host cp /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control03.ctl;
SQL> alter database mount;
Database altered.
SQL> alter database open;
Database altered.
--控制文件部分丟失的演示，原本有兩個控制文件，丟失一個
--處理辦法：
1.將存在的控制文件復制到目的路徑並更改控制文件名字為正確的控制文件名稱
2.修改控控文件參數將丟失的控制文件去掉(一般不建議使用)
SQL> alter system set control_files = ' /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/c ontrol01.ctl',
2 '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control02.ctl' scope = spfile;
System altered.
SQL> shutdown immediate;
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 251658240 bytes
Fixed Size 1218796 bytes
Variable Size 75499284 bytes
Database Buffers 171966464 bytes
Redo Buffers 2973696 bytes
ORA-00205: error in identifying control file, check alert log for more info
[oracle@robinson ~]$ tail -n 100 /u01/app/oracle/admin/orcl/bdump/alert_orcl.log
..........................
Tue Jun 8 19:03:42 2010
starting up 1 shared server(s) ...
MMON started with pid=11, OS id=4557
CJQ0 started with pid=10, OS id=4555
Tue Jun 8 19:03:44 2010
ALTER DATABASE MOUNT
Tue Jun 8 19:03:44 2010
ORA-00202: control file: '/u01/app/oracle/10g/dbs/ /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/c ontrol01.ctl'
ORA-27037: unable to obtain file status
Linux Error: 2: No such file or directory
Additional information: 3
Tue Jun 8 19:03:47 2010
ORA-205 signalled during: ALTER DATABASE MOUNT...
--從警告日志中得知，文件名為c ontrol01.ctl的文件不存在，故將其改為正確的文件名
SQL> alter system set control_files='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl',
2 '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control02.ctl' scope = spfile;
System altered.
SQL> startup force
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 251658240 bytes
Fixed Size 1218796 bytes
Variable Size 83887892 bytes
Database Buffers 163577856 bytes
Redo Buffers 2973696 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.
非歸檔模式下，當所有的控制文件都丟失，只能重建控制文件來解決
Total System Global Area 251658240 bytes
Fixed Size 1218796 bytes
Variable Size 79693588 bytes
Database Buffers 167772160 bytes
Redo Buffers 2973696 bytes
ORA-00205: error in identifying control file, check alert log for more info
[oracle@robinson ~]$tail -n 100 /u01/app/oracle/admin/orcl/bdump/alert_orcl.log
ALTER DATABASE MOUNT
Thu Jul 15 12:13:15 2010
ORA-00202: control file: '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl'
ORA-27037: unable to obtain file status
Linux Error: 2: No such file or directory
--重建控制文件主要有三個需要考慮的是
--搞清各個日志文件的大小及位置
--搞清各個數據文件的位置
--設置正確的字符集
SQL> CREATE CONTROLFILE REUSE DATABASE "orcl" NOARCHIVELOG NORESTLOGS
2 MAXLOGFILES 16
3 MAXLOGMEMBER 3
4 MAXDATAFILES 20
5 MAXINSTANCES 8
6 MAXLOGHISTORY 3
7 LOGFILE
8 GROUP 1(
9 'u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo1.log',
10 '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo01.log'
11 ) SIZE 50M,
12 GROUP 2(
13 '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo2.log',
14 '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo02.log'
15 ) SIZE 50M,
16 GROUP 3(
17 '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo3.log',
18 '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo03.log'
19 ) SIZE 100M
20 DATAFILE
21 '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/tbs1_2.dbf',
22 '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/tbs1_1.dbf',
23 '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/example01.dbf',
24 '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/users01.dbf',
25 '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/sysaux01.dbf',
26 '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/system01.dbf',
27 '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/undotbs01.dbf'
28 CHARACTER SET WE8ISO8859P1;
CREATE CONTROLFILE REUSE DATABASE "orcl" NOARCHIVELOG NORESTLOGS
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01967: invalid option for CREATE CONTROLFILE
SQL> save /u01/app/oracle/oradata/rectl.sql;
Created file /u01/app/oracle/oradata/rectl.sql
SQL> ho vim /u01/app/oracle/oradata/rectl.sql
SQL> @/u01/app/oracle/oradata/rectl.sql
Control file created.
--下面給出正確執行后的語句內容
SQL> host cat /u01/app/oracle/oradata/rectl.sql
CREATE CONTROLFILE REUSE DATABASE "orcl" NOARCHIVELOG NORESETLOGS
MAXLOGFILES 16
MAXLOGMEMBERS 3
MAXDATAFILES 20
MAXINSTANCES 8
MAXLOGHISTORY 3
LOGFILE
GROUP 1(
'/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo01.log'
) SIZE 50M,
GROUP 2(
'/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo2.log',
'/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo02.log'
) SIZE 50M,
GROUP 3(
'/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo3.log',
'/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo03.log'
) SIZE 100M
DATAFILE
'/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/tbs1_2.dbf',
'/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/tbs1_1.dbf',
'/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/example01.dbf',
'/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/users01.dbf',
'/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/sysaux01.dbf',
'/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/system01.dbf',
'/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/undotbs01.dbf'
CHARACTER SET WE8ISO8859P1
/
--將數據庫切換到open 狀態
SQL> alter database open;
Database altered.
SQL> select * from dual;
D
-
X
--查看已經新產生了控制文件
SQL> host ls $ORACLE_BASE/oradata/orcl/control* -l --可以看到新增了控制文件control01.ctl和control02.ctl
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 6012928 Jul 15 12:58 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl
-rw------- 1 oracle oinstall 7389184 Jul 15 12:04 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl.bak
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 6012928 Jul 15 12:58 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control02.ctl
歸檔模式下控制文件全部丟失的處理
--首先將數據庫切換到歸檔模式
SQL> shutdown immediate;
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> startup mount;
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 251658240 bytes
Fixed Size 1218796 bytes
Variable Size 79693588 bytes
Database Buffers 167772160 bytes
Redo Buffers 2973696 bytes
Database mounted.
SQL> alter database archivelog;
Database altered.
SQL> alter database open ;
Database altered.
--查看歸檔的狀態
SQL> archive log list;
Database log mode Archive Mode
Automatic archival Enabled
Archive destination USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST
Oldest online log sequence 1
Next log sequence to archive 3
Current log sequence 3
--備份控制文件
SQL> alter database backup controlfile to '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/rectl.bak';
Database altered.
SQL> create table tb_temp(id int,col1 varchar2(20));
Table created.
SQL> insert into tb_temp select 1,'Robinson' from dual;
1 row created.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
SQL> alter system switch logfile; --切換日志
System altered.
SQL> archive log list; --日志切換后sequence由變成
Database log mode Archive Mode
Automatic archival Enabled
Archive destination USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST
Oldest online log sequence 2
Next log sequence to archive 4
Current log sequence 4
--模擬控制文件全部丟失
SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 251658240 bytes
Fixed Size 1218796 bytes
Variable Size 79693588 bytes
Database Buffers 167772160 bytes
Redo Buffers 2973696 bytes
ORA-00205: error in identifying control file, check alert log for more info
SQL> show parameter control
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
control_file_record_keep_time integer 7
control_files string /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/c
ontrol01.ctl, /u01/app/oracle/
oradata/orcl/control02.ctl
--查看物理控制文件是否存在
SQL> ho ls /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/contr*
ls: /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/contr*: No such file or directory
--建議先對數據庫作備份再將備份的控制文件復制到參數文件中指定的位置
SQL> ho cp /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/rectl.bak/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl
SQL> ho cp /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/rectl.bak/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control02.ctl
SQL> alter database mount;
Database altered.
SQL> alter database open;
alter database open
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01589: must use RESETLOGS or NORESETLOGS option for database open
SQL> shutdown immediate;
ORA-01109: database not open
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> startup mount;
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 251658240 bytes
Fixed Size 1218796 bytes
Variable Size 79693588 bytes
Database Buffers 167772160 bytes
Redo Buffers 2973696 bytes
Database mounted.
SQL> alter database open resetlogs;
Database altered.
SQL> select * from dual;
D
-
X
SQL> select * from tb_temp; --表成功被恢復
ID COL1
---------- --------------------
1 Robinson
SQL> drop table tb_temp purge;
Table dropped.
SQL> archive log list; --日志的sequence號被置為
Database log mode Archive Mode
Automatic archival Enabled
Archive destination USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST
Oldest online log sequence 1
Next log sequence to archive 1
Current log sequence 1