linux系统中外接硬盘的使用逻辑：
磁盘分区---分区格式化---挂载
linux系统中一台主机上可以有多快硬盘，内核中的udev设备管理器会自动对识别的硬盘进行命名
系统采用a~p来代表16块不同的硬盘（默认从a开始），如/dev/sda 代表系统识别的同种型号接口的第一块硬盘，
/dev/sdb代表系统识别的同种型号接口的第二快硬盘，依次类推，直到/dev/sdp。
硬件命名规则知道之后要想使用硬盘，则先需要进行磁盘分区：
1、首先查看硬盘情况：
[root@linuxprobe /]# cd /dev ## 外接硬盘的默认路径 [root@linuxprobe dev]# find sd* ## 查看几块硬盘，一共两块，sda 和 sdb（sda1和sda2是sda的两个分区） sda sda1 sda2 sdb
2、使用fdisk命令进行磁盘分区
使用格式： fdisk + 硬盘路径
fdisk + 硬盘路径 使用的是交互式命令
fdisk命令中的参数及其作用（linux就该这么学p125）
测试：
[root@linuxprobe dev]# fdisk /dev/sdb ## 使用fdisk 对 /dev/sdb进行管理 Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. Command (m for help): p ## 这里输入p，查看分区信息，目前没有分区 Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk label type: dos Disk identifier: 0xd55cd25f Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System Command (m for help): n ## 输入n，添加新的分区 Partition type: p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free) e extended Select (default p): p ## 这里输入p选择主分区 Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1 ## 选择编号1 First sector (2048-41943039, default 2048): ## 这里定义起始的扇区位置，直接敲击回车键保留默认设置 Using default value 2048 Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-41943039, default 41943039): +3G ## 这里选择结束扇区的位置，实际是分配分区的大小，输入 +3G 表示分区大小3G Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 3 GiB is set Command (m for help): p ## 这里输入p查看分区信息，已经出现 /dev/sdb1分区 Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk label type: dos Disk identifier: 0xd55cd25f Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 2048 6293503 3145728 83 Linux Command (m for help): w ## 这里输入w 保存退出 The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks. [root@linuxprobe dev]# find sd* ## 查看硬盘sdb的分区信息，已经多出sdb1 sda sda1 sda2 sdb sdb1 [root@linuxprobe dev]# file /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb1: block special 注：有时候分区信息未能及时同步内核，在终端输入：partprobe命令，连续执行两次，如果仍然没有同步内核，重启系统即可
3、使用mkfs命令对磁盘分区进行格式化（指定文件系统）
mkfs命令的使用方式是在终端输入mkfs，然后连续按两下Tab键，会弹出常用的文件系统。
[root@linuxprobe dev]# mkfs ## 此处输入两下Tab键 mkfs mkfs.cramfs mkfs.ext3 mkfs.fat mkfs.msdos mkfs.xfs mkfs.btrfs mkfs.ext2 mkfs.ext4 mkfs.minix mkfs.vfat [root@linuxprobe dev]# mkfs.xfs /dev/sdb1 ## rhel7版本，使用 xfs系统 mkfs.xfs: /dev/sdb1 appears to contain an existing filesystem (xfs). mkfs.xfs: Use the -f option to force overwrite. [root@linuxprobe dev]# mkfs.xfs -f /dev/sdb1 ## 格式化成功 meta-data=/dev/sdb1 isize=256 agcount=4, agsize=196608 blks = sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=0 data = bsize=4096 blocks=786432, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=0 log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1 realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
4、对格式话成功的分区进行挂载
[root@linuxprobe dev]# df -h ## 查看当前挂载 Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/rhel_linuxprobe-root 18G 3.4G 15G 20% / devtmpfs 985M 0 985M 0% /dev tmpfs 994M 84K 994M 1% /dev/shm tmpfs 994M 8.8M 986M 1% /run tmpfs 994M 0 994M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/sr0 3.5G 3.5G 0 100% /media/mounttest /dev/sda1 497M 119M 379M 24% /boot [root@linuxprobe dev]# mkdir /mnt/sdb1test ## 创建挂载目录 [root@linuxprobe dev]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/sdb1test/ ## 挂载 [root@linuxprobe dev]# df -h ## 查看挂载 Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/rhel_linuxprobe-root 18G 3.4G 15G 20% / devtmpfs 985M 0 985M 0% /dev tmpfs 994M 84K 994M 1% /dev/shm tmpfs 994M 8.8M 986M 1% /run tmpfs 994M 0 994M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/sr0 3.5G 3.5G 0 100% /media/mounttest /dev/sda1 497M 119M 379M 24% /boot /dev/sdb1 3.0G 33M 3.0G 2% /mnt/sdb1test
5、进行第二快分区
[root@linuxprobe dev]# fdisk /dev/sdb ## fdisk + 硬盘，进行交互式操作 Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. Command (m for help): n ## 此处输入n添加分区 Partition type: p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free) e extended Select (default p): p ## 此处选择p，再添加一个主分区 Partition number (2-4, default 2): 2 ## 编号选择2 First sector (6293504-41943039, default 6293504): ## 这里选择扇区的起始位置，按回车就行 Using default value 6293504 Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (6293504-41943039, default 41943039): +5G ## 这里设定分区大小，设为5G Partition 2 of type Linux and of size 5 GiB is set Command (m for help): w ## 这里w 保存退出 The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy. The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8) Syncing disks. [root@linuxprobe dev]# find sdb* ## 查看分区，没有！可能是没有及时同步内核 sdb sdb1 [root@linuxprobe dev]# partprobe ## 输入partprobe命令 Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system). /dev/sr0 has been opened read-only. Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system). /dev/sr0 has been opened read-only. Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system). /dev/sr0 has been opened read-only. [root@linuxprobe dev]# partprobe ## 同上 Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system). /dev/sr0 has been opened read-only. Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system). /dev/sr0 has been opened read-only. Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system). /dev/sr0 has been opened read-only. [root@linuxprobe dev]# find sdb* ## 再次查看分区，已经同步 sdb sdb1 sdb2 [root@linuxprobe dev]# mkfs ## 这里按两下Tab键 mkfs mkfs.cramfs mkfs.ext3 mkfs.fat mkfs.msdos mkfs.xfs mkfs.btrfs mkfs.ext2 mkfs.ext4 mkfs.minix mkfs.vfat [root@linuxprobe dev]# mkfs.xfs /dev/sdb2 ## 对分区进行格式话 meta-data=/dev/sdb2 isize=256 agcount=4, agsize=327680 blks = sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=0 data = bsize=4096 blocks=1310720, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=0 log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1 realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0 [root@linuxprobe dev]# df -h ## 查看当前分区 Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/rhel_linuxprobe-root 18G 3.4G 15G 20% / devtmpfs 985M 0 985M 0% /dev tmpfs 994M 84K 994M 1% /dev/shm tmpfs 994M 8.8M 986M 1% /run tmpfs 994M 0 994M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/sr0 3.5G 3.5G 0 100% /media/mounttest /dev/sda1 497M 119M 379M 24% /boot /dev/sdb1 3.0G 33M 3.0G 2% /mnt/sdb1test [root@linuxprobe dev]# mkdir /mnt/sdb2test ## 创建挂载目录 [root@linuxprobe dev]# mount /dev/sdb2 /mnt/sdb2test/ ## 挂载 [root@linuxprobe dev]# df -h ## 查看挂载 Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/rhel_linuxprobe-root 18G 3.4G 15G 20% / devtmpfs 985M 0 985M 0% /dev tmpfs 994M 84K 994M 1% /dev/shm tmpfs 994M 8.8M 986M 1% /run tmpfs 994M 0 994M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/sr0 3.5G 3.5G 0 100% /media/mounttest /dev/sda1 497M 119M 379M 24% /boot /dev/sdb1 3.0G 33M 3.0G 2% /mnt/sdb1test /dev/sdb2 5.0G 33M 5.0G 1% /mnt/sdb2test
6、如何删除分区
## 首先进行卸载
[root@linuxprobe dev]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/rhel_linuxprobe-root 18G 3.4G 15G 20% / devtmpfs 985M 0 985M 0% /dev tmpfs 994M 84K 994M 1% /dev/shm tmpfs 994M 8.8M 986M 1% /run tmpfs 994M 0 994M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/sr0 3.5G 3.5G 0 100% /media/mounttest /dev/sda1 497M 119M 379M 24% /boot /dev/sdb1 3.0G 33M 3.0G 2% /mnt/sdb1test /dev/sdb2 5.0G 33M 5.0G 1% /mnt/sdb2test [root@linuxprobe dev]# umount /mnt/sdb2test/ ## 卸载 [root@linuxprobe dev]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/rhel_linuxprobe-root 18G 3.4G 15G 20% / devtmpfs 985M 0 985M 0% /dev tmpfs 994M 84K 994M 1% /dev/shm tmpfs 994M 8.8M 986M 1% /run tmpfs 994M 0 994M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/sr0 3.5G 3.5G 0 100% /media/mounttest /dev/sda1 497M 119M 379M 24% /boot /dev/sdb1 3.0G 33M 3.0G 2% /mnt/sdb1test [root@linuxprobe dev]# fdisk /dev/sdb ## 使用fdisk + 硬盘进行交互式操作 Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. Command (m for help): d ## 这里输入d Partition number (1,2, default 2): 2 ## 这里删除编号为2的主分区 Partition 2 is deleted Command (m for help): w ## 保存推出 The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy. The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8) Syncing disks. [root@linuxprobe dev]# find sdb* ## 查看，还在 sdb sdb1 sdb2 [root@linuxprobe dev]# partprobe Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system). /dev/sr0 has been opened read-only. Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system). /dev/sr0 has been opened read-only. Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system). /dev/sr0 has been opened read-only. [root@linuxprobe dev]# partprobe Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system). /dev/sr0 has been opened read-only. Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system). /dev/sr0 has been opened read-only. Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system). /dev/sr0 has been opened read-only. [root@linuxprobe dev]# find sdb* ## 再次查看，已经没有第二个分区 sdb sdb1
##注： 以上操作在/dev 目录下，如果其他目录需要指定路径