目录
本文将对在Springboot中如何使用Junit进行单元测试进行简单示例和介绍，项目的完整目录层次如下图所示。
添加依赖与配置
为了保证测试的完整性，本工程POM文件中除引入Junit单元测试依赖外，还额外引入了用来测试JDBC和Controller的JPA和WEB依赖。
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<parent>
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<groupId>org.springframework.boot
</groupId>
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<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent
</artifactId>
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<version>1.5.6.RELEASE
</version>
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</parent>
-
-
<dependencies>
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<!-- 添加MySQL依赖 -->
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<dependency>
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<groupId>mysql
</groupId>
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<artifactId>mysql-connector-java
</artifactId>
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</dependency>
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<!-- 添加JDBC依赖 -->
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<dependency>
-
<groupId>org.springframework.boot
</groupId>
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<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa
</artifactId>
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</dependency>
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<dependency>
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<groupId>org.springframework.boot
</groupId>
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<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web
</artifactId>
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</dependency>
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<!-- 引入单元测试依赖 -->
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<dependency>
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<groupId>org.springframework.boot
</groupId>
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<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test
</artifactId>
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<scope>test
</scope>
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</dependency>
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</dependencies>
同时，在src/main/resources目录下添加核心配置文件application.properties，内容如下。
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#########################################################
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### Spring DataSource
-- DataSource configuration ###
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#########################################################
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spring.datasource.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/dev1?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8
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spring.datasource.driverClassName=com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
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spring.datasource.username=root
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spring.datasource.password=123456
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#########################################################
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### Java Persistence Api
-- Spring jpa configuration ###
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#########################################################
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# Specify the DBMS
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spring.jpa.database = MYSQL
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#
Show
or
not
log
for
each
sql
query
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spring.jpa.show-
sql =
true
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# Hibernate
ddl
auto (
create,
create-
drop,
update)
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spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-
auto =
update
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# Naming strategy
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#[org.hibernate.cfg.ImprovedNamingStrategy #org.hibernate.cfg.DefaultNamingStrategy]
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spring.jpa.hibernate.naming-strategy = org.hibernate.cfg.ImprovedNamingStrategy
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# stripped
before adding them
to the entity manager)
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spring.jpa.properties.hibernate.dialect = org.hibernate.dialect.MySQL5Dialect
ApplicationContext测试
在Springboot中使用Junit进行单元测试的方法很简单，只需要在编写的单元测试类上添加两个注解：@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)和@SpringBootTest。
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@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
// 等价于使用 @RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
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@SpringBootTest(classes = { MyApplication.class, TestConfig.class })
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public
class ApplicationContextTest {
-
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@Autowired
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private ApplicationContext context;
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@Autowired
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private UserDao userDao;
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@Test
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public void testUserDao() {
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userDao.addUser(
18,
"pengjunlee");
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}
-
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@Test
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public void testConfiguration() {
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Runnable bean = context.getBean(Runnable.class);
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Assert.assertNotNull(bean);
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bean.run();
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}
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}
UserDao定义如下。
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@Repository
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public
class UserDao {
-
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@Autowired
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private JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate;
-
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@Transactional
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public void addUser(Integer userAge, String userName) {
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String sql =
"insert into tbl_user (age,name) values ('" + userAge +
"','" + userName +
"');";
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jdbcTemplate.execute(sql);
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}
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}
TestConfig定义如下。
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/**
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* @TestConfiguration注解的配置内的Bean仅在测试时装配
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*/
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@TestConfiguration
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public
class TestConfig {
-
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@Bean
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public Runnable createRunnable(){
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return ()->{
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System.out.println(
"This is a test Runnable bean...");
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};
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}
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}
提示：@SpringBootTest注解的classes可以指定用来加载Spring容器所使用的配置类，@TestConfiguration注解修饰的配置类内的Bean仅在测试的时候才会装配。
Environment测试
我们可以通过@SpringBootTest注解的properties属性向Environment中设置新的属性，也可以通过使用EnvironmentTestUtils工具类来向ConfigurableEnvironment中添加新的属性。
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@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
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@SpringBootTest(properties = {
"app.token=pengjunlee" })
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public
class EnvironmentTest {
-
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@Autowired
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private Environment env;
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@Autowired
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private ConfigurableEnvironment cenv;
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@Before
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public void init() {
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EnvironmentTestUtils.addEnvironment(cenv,
"app.secret=55a4b77eda");
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}
-
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@Test
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public void testEnvironment() {
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System.out.println(env.getProperty(
"spring.datasource.url"));
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Assert.assertEquals(
"pengjunlee", env.getProperty(
"app.token"));
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Assert.assertEquals(
"55a4b77eda", cenv.getProperty(
"app.secret"));
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}
-
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@Test
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@Ignore
// 忽略测试方法
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public void testIgnore() {
-
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System.out.println(
"你看不见我...");
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}
-
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}
扩展：Junit测试用例执行顺序：@BeforeClass ==> @Before ==> @Test ==> @After ==> @AfterClass 。
注意：在使用Junit对Spring容器进行单元测试时，若在src/test/resources 目录下存在核心配置文件，Spring容器将会只加载src/test/resources 目录下的核心配置文件，而不再加载src/main/resources 目录下的核心配置文件。
MockBean测试
我们可以通过@MockBean注解来对那些未添加实现的接口进行模拟测试，预先设定好调用方法期待的返回值，然后再进行测试。
例如，有如下的IUserService接口，定义了一个getUserAge()方法用来根据用户的ID来查询用户的年龄。
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public
interface IUserService {
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Integer getUserAge(Long userId);
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}
使用@MockBean来对IUserService接口进行模拟测试，测试代码如下。
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@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
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public
class MockBeanTest {
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@MockBean
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private IUserService userService;
-
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@SuppressWarnings(
"unchecked")
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@Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
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public void testMockBean() {
-
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BDDMockito.given(userService.getUserAge(
2L)).willReturn(Integer.valueOf(
18));
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BDDMockito.given(userService.getUserAge(
0L)).willReturn(Integer.valueOf(
0));
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BDDMockito.given(userService.getUserAge(
null)).willThrow(NullPointerException.class);
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Assert.assertEquals(Integer.valueOf(
18), userService.getUserAge(
2L));
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Assert.assertEquals(Integer.valueOf(
0), userService.getUserAge(
0L));
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Assert.assertEquals(Integer.valueOf(
0), userService.getUserAge(
null));
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}
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}
Controller测试
在Springboot中可以通过TestRestTemplate和MockMvc来对Controller进行测试，有以下两种情况。
情况一
Controller中未装配任何其他Spring容器中的Bean，例如下面这个控制器。
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@RestController
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@RequestMapping(
"/user")
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public
class UserController01 {
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@GetMapping(
"/home")
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public String homeUser(@RequestParam(name = "name", required = true) String userName) {
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if (
null == userName || userName.trim() ==
"") {
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return
"you are nobody...";
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}
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return
"This is " + userName +
"'s home...";
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}
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}
此时无需启动Spring容器，可直接使用MockMvc来对Controller进行模拟测试，测试代码如下。
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@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
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@WebMvcTest(controllers = { UserController01.class })
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public
class ControllerTest01 {
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@Autowired
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private MockMvc mvc;
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@Test
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public void testAddUser() throws Exception {
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mvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get(
"/user/home").param(
"name",
""))
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.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.status().isOk())
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.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.content().string(
"you are nobody..."));
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mvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get(
"/user/home").param(
"name",
"pengjunlee"))
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.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.status().isOk())
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.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.content().string(
"This is pengjunlee's home..."));
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}
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}
情况二
Controller中需装配其他Spring容器中的Bean，例如下面这个控制器。
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@RestController
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@RequestMapping(
"/user")
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public
class UserController02 {
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@Autowired
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private UserDao userDao;
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@GetMapping(
"/add")
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public String addUser(@RequestParam(name = "age", required = false, defaultValue = "0") Integer userAge,
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@RequestParam(name = "name", required = true) String userName) {
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if (userAge <=
0 ||
null == userName || userName.trim() ==
"") {
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return
"0";
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}
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userDao.addUser(userAge, userName);
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return
"1";
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}
-
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}
此时除了要启动Spring容器，还需要启动内嵌的WEB环境，有以下两种方法。
方法一
利用TestRestTemplate进行测试。
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@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
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@SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT)
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public
class ControllerTest02 {
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@Autowired
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private TestRestTemplate template;
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@Test
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public void testAddUser() {
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String result1 = template.getForObject(
"/user/add?name=pengjunlee", String.class);
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Assert.assertEquals(
"0", result1);
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String result2 = template.getForObject(
"/user/add?age=20&name=Tracy", String.class);
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Assert.assertEquals(
"1", result2);
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}
-
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}
方法二
利用MockMvc进行测试。
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@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
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@SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT)
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@AutoConfigureMockMvc
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public
class ControllerTest03 {
-
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@Autowired
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private MockMvc mvc;
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@Test
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public void testAddUser() throws Exception {
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mvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get(
"/user/add").param(
"name",
""))
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.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.status().isOk())
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.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.content().string(
"0"));
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mvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get(
"/user/add").param(
"age",
"22").param(
"name",
"pengjunlee"))
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.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.status().isOk())
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.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.content().string(
"1"));
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}
-
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}
本文项目源码已上传至CSDN，资源地址：https://download.csdn.net/download/pengjunlee/10394302