以TC58NVG2S3ETA00 为例：
下面是它的一些物理参数：
图一
图二
图三
图四
图五
图6-0
图6-1
说明一下，在图6-1中中间的那个布局表可以看做是实际的NandFlash一页数据的布局，其中Data区域用于存放有效的数据，也就是我们可以通过类似read、write、pread、pwrite可以访问的区域，那每页中的64字节的OOB区域是无法通过前面的几个函数访问的，他们会自动跳过OOB区域，访问OOB区域需要借助特殊的命令。
简单说明一下：Data A(512B)对应的ECC校验码存放在ECC for Data A(4 byte)中，OOB A （8byte) 对应的ECC校验码存放在紧接着的下一个ECC for Data A（4 byte)中，虽然用4字节存放ECC，但是对于本例，ECC只占3个字节。在实际使用中如果解决方案中用不到OOB A/B/C/D，可以不用管他们对应的ECC，只需要关心Data区域对应的ECC。如果使能了硬件ECC，硬件会自动把计算生成的ECC写到OOB中。可以参考http://www.cnblogs.com/pengdonglin137/p/3467960.html 。
读NandFlash需要按页读，即一次读一页；写NandFlash需要按页写，即每次写一页；擦除NandFlash需要按块擦，即每次要擦除一块。
对与NandFlash等块设备的访问操作，mtd-utils工具集中提供了非常好的支持（可以到http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/进行了解），要使用mtd-utils工具集首先需要搞到mtd-utils的源码，并且使用目标设备上的交叉工具编译链进行编译，具体方法可以参考：http://www.cnblogs.com/pengdonglin137/p/3415550.html，其中介绍了如何生成可以再目标板上运行的mtd-utils工具。关于mtd-utils工具的使用可以参考：http://www.cnblogs.com/pengdonglin137/p/3415663.html 其中介绍了mtd-utils中常用的工具。
我们可以参考mtd-utils中工具的实现，从而完成在自己的应用程序中实现对NandFlash的操作。常用的命令如下：
#define MEMGETINFO _IOR('M', 1, struct mtd_info_user)
#define MEMERASE _IOW('M', 2, struct erase_info_user)
#define MEMWRITEOOB _IOWR('M', 3, struct mtd_oob_buf)
#define MEMREADOOB _IOWR('M', 4, struct mtd_oob_buf)
#define MEMLOCK _IOW('M', 5, struct erase_info_user)
#define MEMUNLOCK _IOW('M', 6, struct erase_info_user)
#define MEMGETREGIONCOUNT _IOR('M', 7, int)
#define MEMGETREGIONINFO _IOWR('M', 8, struct region_info_user)
#define MEMSETOOBSEL _IOW('M', 9, struct nand_oobinfo)
#define MEMGETOOBSEL _IOR('M', 10, struct nand_oobinfo)
#define MEMGETBADBLOCK _IOW('M', 11, __kernel_loff_t)
#define MEMSETBADBLOCK _IOW('M', 12, __kernel_loff_t)
#define OTPSELECT _IOR('M', 13, int)
#define OTPGETREGIONCOUNT _IOW('M', 14, int)
#define OTPGETREGIONINFO _IOW('M', 15, struct otp_info)
#define OTPLOCK _IOR('M', 16, struct otp_info)
#define ECCGETLAYOUT _IOR('M', 17, struct nand_ecclayout_user)
#define ECCGETSTATS _IOR('M', 18, struct mtd_ecc_stats)
#define MTDFILEMODE _IO('M', 19)
#define MEMERASE64 _IOW('M', 20, struct erase_info_user64)
#define MEMWRITEOOB64 _IOWR('M', 21, struct mtd_oob_buf64)
#define MEMREADOOB64 _IOWR('M', 22, struct mtd_oob_buf64)
#define MEMISLOCKED _IOR('M', 23, struct erase_info_user)
打开设备
这里需要注意的是，打开的设备结点是/dev/mtd?，而不是/dec/mtdblock?，原因可以参考：
http://www.cnblogs.com/pengdonglin137/p/3316523.html，其中介绍了mtd与mtdblock的区别。
fd = open ("/dev/mtd0", O_SYNC | O_RDWR);
获取设备信息
#include <linux/types.h>
structmtd_info_user { __u8 type; __u32 flags; __u32 size; // Total size of the MTD
__u32 erasesize; __u32 writesize; __u32 oobsize;// Amount of OOB data per block (e.g. 16)
/*
The below two fields are obsolete and broken, do not use them * (TODO: remove at some point) */
__u32 ecctype; __u32 eccsize; }; struct mtd_info_user mtd;
ioctl(fd, MEMGETINFO,&mtd) ;
其中type可以用来区分是NorFlash还是NandFlash。
擦除NandFlash
#include <mtd/mtd-abi.h> #include <linux/types.h>
struct erase_info_user { __u32 start; __u32 length; }; typedef struct erase_info_user erase_info_t; erase_info_t erase; int isNAND, bbtest = 1; erase.length = DevInfo->erasesize; // erase.length 表示的是擦除大小，也就是一块的大小，如128KB // DevInfo->size 为某个/dev/mtdx的大小 // erasse.start应该是按块对齐递增
isNAND = (DevInfo->typenum== MTD_NANDFLASH) ? 1 : 0; for (erase.start = 0; erase.start < DevInfo->size; erase.start += DevInfo->erasesize) { if (bbtest) { loff_t offset = erase.start; int ret = ioctl(DevInfo->fd, MEMGETBADBLOCK, &offset); //判断是不是坏块
if (ret > 0) { if (!quiet) DEBUG ("\nSkipping bad block at 0x%08x\n", erase.start); continue;//发现是坏块，应该跳过
} else if (ret < 0) { if (errno == EOPNOTSUPP) { bbtest = 0; if (isNAND) { fprintf(stderr, "%s: Bad block check not available\n", DevInfo->dir); return 1; } } else { fprintf(stderr, "\n%s: MTD get bad block failed: %s\n", DevInfo->dir, strerror(errno)); return 1; } } } if (!quiet) { fprintf(stderr, "\rErasing %d Kibyte @ %x -- %2llu %% complete.", \ (DevInfo->erasesize) / 1024, erase.start, (unsigned long long) erase.start * 100 / (DevInfo->size)); } if (ioctl(DevInfo->fd, MEMERASE, &erase) != 0) //执行擦除操作
{ fprintf(stderr, "\n%s: MTD Erase failure: %s\n", DevInfo->dir,strerror(errno)); continue; } }
写NandFlash
这里分为写数据区和写OOB区
写数据区，对于本例一次要写一页，也就是2KB，写OOB区，对于本例可以操作的只有32字节，剩下的32字节用于存放ECC。
struct mtd_oob_buf { __u32 start; __u32 length; unsigned char *ptr; }; int nandwrite(DeviceInfo* meminfo) { int imglen = 0, pagelen; bool baderaseblock = false; int blockstart = -1; loff_t offs; int ret, readlen; unsigned char tmp_oob[32];//OOB A/B/C/D,一共32字节
struct mtd_oob_buf OOB_INFO ; sourceaddr = meminfo->head->file_offset; //要读的部分在镜像文件中的偏移量
sourcelen = meminfo->head->size; //要读的部分的大小
int num_to_read = 0; OOB_INFO.start = 0; OOB_INFO.length = meminfo->head->oob_usr_length; //32字节，用户可以访问的OOB的大小，也就是OOB A/B/C/D
OOB_INFO.ptr = tmp_oob; pagelen = meminfo->writesize; // 2KB
imglen = sourcelen; // 镜像文件的长度
mtdoffset = meminfo->head->flash_offset; //要写的部分在/dev/mtdx中的偏移量，以字节为单位
/* Determine if we are reading from standard input or from a file. */
if (0 == sourceaddr) { DEBUG("Have no sourceaddr return ****************************\n"); return 1; } // Check, if length fits into device
if ( ((imglen / pagelen) * meminfo->writesize) > (meminfo->size - mtdoffset)) { fprintf (stderr, "Image %d bytes, NAND page %d bytes, OOB area %u bytes, device size %u bytes\n", imglen, pagelen, meminfo->writesize, meminfo->size); perror ("Input file does not fit into device"); goto closeall; } while ((imglen>0) && (mtdoffset < meminfo->size)) { //blockstart 将来存放的是正在写的那块的起始地址，并且是块对齐的 //mtdoffset 表示的是在某个mtd设备中的整体偏移量，可以按块递增，也可以按页递增 //设置blockstart的目的是: // 假如检测到一个好的块，开始进行写操作，但是在写的过程中发生了写错误，可以认为这块已经 //是坏块了，需要重新再找一个好的块，然后重新写入之前的数据，因此需要知道刚才那个坏块的起始地址 // mtdoffset & (~meminfo->erasesize + 1) 这种获取块起始地址的算法值得借鉴
while (blockstart != (mtdoffset & (~meminfo->erasesize + 1))) { blockstart = mtdoffset & (~meminfo->erasesize + 1); offs = blockstart; baderaseblock = false; if (!quiet) { fprintf (stderr, "\rWriting data to block %d at offset 0x%x", \ blockstart / meminfo->erasesize, blockstart); } /* Check all the blocks in an erase block for bad blocks */
// meminfo->fd 是某个/dev/mtdx的文件描述符
do { if ((ret = ioctl(meminfo->fd, MEMGETBADBLOCK, &offs)) < 0) { perror("ioctl(MEMGETBADBLOCK)"); goto closeall; } if (ret == 1) { baderaseblock = true; if (!quiet) { fprintf (stderr, "Bad block at %x block(s) "
"from %x will be skipped\n", (int) offs, blockstart); } } if (baderaseblock) { mtdoffset = blockstart + meminfo->erasesize; } offs += meminfo->erasesize; } while ( offs < blockstart + meminfo->erasesize ); } readlen = meminfo->writesize; // 2KB
if (0 != sourceaddr) { if((meminfo->head->imageType == YAFFS) || (meminfo->head->imageType == OOB_RAW)) { writeoob = true; } else { writeoob = false; } memset(writebuf, 0xff, sizeof(writebuf)); if(imglen < readlen) { num_to_read = imglen; } else { num_to_read = readlen; } // 从镜像文件中偏移量为sourceaddr处读取num_to_read个字节到writebuf中 // ALLIMAGEFD 为镜像文件的文件描述符
if(pread(ALLIMAGEFD, writebuf, num_to_read, sourceaddr) < 0) { perror("fail to pread\n"); return -1; } sourceaddr += num_to_read; if(writeoob) { memset(tmp_oob, 0xff , OOB_FREE_MAX); // 从镜像文件中偏移量为sourceaddr+meminfo->head->oob_usr_offset处读取meminfo->head->oob_usr_length个字节到tmp_oob中，其中meminfo->head->oob_usr_offset是OOB A相对与OOB区域的偏移量，meminfo->head->oob_usr_length 在本例中为32字节
if(pread(ALLIMAGEFD, tmp_oob, meminfo->head->oob_usr_length, sourceaddr+meminfo->head->oob_usr_offset) < 0) { perror("fail to pread\n"); return -1; } sourceaddr += meminfo->oobsize; } } if(-1 == pwrite(meminfo->fd, writebuf, meminfo->writesize, mtdoffset)) //写NandFlash
{ /* 下面这段程序所完成的就是刚才所说的在写之前检测到是好块，但是在写的过程出现了写错误， 这个时候需要完成?如下流程: 1、计算已经在当前块上写入多少内容,比如下面的rewind_blocks是为了计算在当前块上已经写了多少页， 这里需要注意的是；rewind_bytes又加了一个readlen，也就是一页的大小，目的是保证sourceaddr的可以 回退到刚开始写当前块是sourceaddr的值，可以看到在上面的程序中每次将要写的内容读到writebuf后， sourceaddr已经进行了自增操作，并没有保证刚读到writebuf中的内容可以成功写入。 但是mtdoffset进行自增的前提是偏移量为mtdoffset的页写成功。其实程序可以这么改进: 将sourceaddr的自增操作跟mtdoffset的自增操作放在一起，此时rewind_bytes就不需要再加readlen了。 对于oob，一般只有yaffs镜像中有oob，而向cramfs、jffs2、ubifs这没有，如果有oob也需要对 rewind_byte进行处理 2、对当前块进行擦除 3、如果需要进行坏块标记，则将当前块标记为坏块 4、将mtdoffset指向当前块的下一块起始地址 5、恢复imglen为刚开始处理当前块时的值，由于imglen也是保证当前页成功写入后才自减，所以只需要加 上rewind_blocks即可 */
int rewind_blocks; off_t rewind_bytes; erase_info_t erase; perror("ioctl(MEMEWRITEPAGE)"); /* Must rewind to blockstart if we can */ rewind_blocks = (mtdoffset - blockstart) / meminfo->writesize; /* Not including the one we just attempted */ rewind_bytes = (rewind_blocks * meminfo->writesize) + readlen; if (writeoob) { rewind_bytes += (rewind_blocks + 1) * meminfo->oobsize; } sourceaddr -= rewind_bytes; erase.start = blockstart; erase.length = meminfo->erasesize; fprintf(stderr, "Erasing failed write from %08lx-%08lx\n", (long)erase.start, (long)erase.start+erase.length-1); if (ioctl(meminfo->fd, MEMERASE, &erase) != 0) { perror("MEMERASE"); goto closeall; } if (markbad) { loff_t bad_addr = mtdoffset & (~meminfo->erasesize + 1); fprintf(stderr, "Marking block at %08lx bad\n", (long)bad_addr); if (ioctl(meminfo->fd, MEMSETBADBLOCK, &bad_addr)) { perror("MEMSETBADBLOCK"); /* But continue anyway */ } } mtdoffset = blockstart + meminfo->erasesize; imglen += rewind_blocks * meminfo->writesize; if(writeoob) { imglen += rewind_blocks * meminfo->oobsize; } continue; } imglen -= readlen; if(writeoob) { imglen -= meminfo->oobsize; OOB_INFO.start = mtdoffset; if (ioctl(meminfo->fd, MEMWRITEOOB, &OOB_INFO)) { perror("fail to ioctl"); } } mtdoffset += meminfo->writesize; } closeall: if ((imglen > 0)) { perror ("Data was only partially written due to error\n"); exit (EXIT_FAILURE); } return EXIT_SUCCESS; }
对于写NandFlash，有的设备支持一次性把data和oob一块写进去。代码如下：
struct mtd_info_user { uint8_t type; uint32_t flags; uint32_t size; // Total size of the MTD
uint32_t erasesize; uint32_t writesize; uint32_t oobsize; // Amount of OOB data per block (e.g. 16)
/* The below two fields are obsolete and broken, do not use them * (TODO: remove at some point) */ uint32_t ecctype; uint32_t eccsize; }; struct mtd_epage_buf { unsigned long long start; unsigned long data_len; unsigned long oob_len; unsigned char * data_ptr; unsigned char * oob_ptr; };
#define MEMEWRITEPAGE _IOWR('M', 23, struct mtd_epage_buf)
#define MAX_PAGE_SIZE 8192
#define MAX_OOB_SIZE 512
/*
* Buffer array used for writing data
*/
unsigned char writebuf[MAX_PAGE_SIZE];
char oobbuf[MAX_OOB_SIZE];
int nandwrite(int argc, char * const argv[]) { /*int cnt = 0;*/
int fd = -1; /*int ifd = -1;*/
int imglen = 0, pagelen; bool baderaseblock = false; int blockstart = -1; struct mtd_info_user meminfo; struct mtd_epage_buf eccbuf; loff_t offs; int ret, readlen; /*process_options(argc, argv);*/ mtdoffset = 0; /* reinit */ erase_buffer(oobbuf, sizeof(oobbuf)); if (pad && writeoob) { fprintf(stderr, "Can't pad when oob data is present.\n"); exit (EXIT_FAILURE); } /* Open the device */
if ((fd = open(mtd_device, O_RDWR)) == -1) { perror(mtd_device); exit (EXIT_FAILURE); } /* Fill in MTD device capability structure */
if (ioctl(fd, MEMGETINFO, &meminfo) != 0) { perror("MEMGETINFO"); close(fd); exit (EXIT_FAILURE); } /* Determine if we are reading from standard input or from a file. */
if (NULL == sourceaddr) { DEBUG("Have no sourceaddr return ****************************\n"); return 0; } pagelen = meminfo.writesize + ((writeoob) ? meminfo.oobsize : 0); /* * For the standard input case, the input size is merely an * invariant placeholder and is set to the write page * size. Otherwise, just use the input file size. * * TODO: Add support for the -l,--length=length option (see * previous discussion by Tommi Airikka <tommi.airikka@ericsson.com> at * <http://lists.infradead.org/pipermail/linux-mtd/2008-September/ * 022913.html> */ imglen = sourcelen; // Check, if file is page-aligned
if ((!pad) && ((imglen % pagelen) != 0)) { fprintf (stderr, "Input file is not page-aligned. Use the padding "
"option.\n"); goto closeall; } // Check, if length fits into device
if ( ((imglen / pagelen) * meminfo.writesize) > (meminfo.size - mtdoffset)) { fprintf (stderr, "Image %d bytes, NAND page %d bytes, OOB area %u bytes, device size %u bytes\n", imglen, pagelen, meminfo.writesize, meminfo.size); perror ("Input file does not fit into device"); goto closeall; } const int allSizeConst = imglen; /*DEBUG("file:%s, line:%d, imglen:%d, mtdoffset:%d, meminfo.size:%d\n", __FILE__, __LINE__, imglen, mtdoffset, meminfo.size);*/
/* * Get data from input and write to the device while there is * still input to read and we are still within the device * bounds. Note that in the case of standard input, the input * length is simply a quasi-boolean flag whose values are page * length or zero. */
while (imglen && (mtdoffset < meminfo.size)) { // new eraseblock , check for bad block(s) // Stay in the loop to be sure if the mtdoffset changes because // of a bad block, that the next block that will be written to // is also checked. Thus avoiding errors if the block(s) after the // skipped block(s) is also bad (number of blocks depending on // the blockalign
while (blockstart != (mtdoffset & (~meminfo.erasesize + 1))) { blockstart = mtdoffset & (~meminfo.erasesize + 1); offs = blockstart; baderaseblock = false; if (!quiet) fprintf (stdout, "Writing data to block %d at offset 0x%x\n", blockstart / meminfo.erasesize, blockstart); /* Check all the blocks in an erase block for bad blocks */
do { if ((ret = ioctl(fd, MEMGETBADBLOCK, &offs)) < 0) { perror("ioctl(MEMGETBADBLOCK)"); goto closeall; } if (ret == 1) { baderaseblock = true; if (!quiet) fprintf (stderr, "Bad block at %x block(s) "
"from %x will be skipped\n", (int) offs, blockstart); } if (baderaseblock) { mtdoffset = blockstart + meminfo.erasesize; } offs += meminfo.erasesize; } while ( offs < blockstart + meminfo.erasesize ); } readlen = meminfo.writesize; if (NULL != sourceaddr) { if (pad && (imglen < readlen)) { readlen = imglen; erase_buffer(writebuf + readlen, meminfo.writesize - readlen); } memcpy(writebuf, sourceaddr, readlen); sourceaddr += readlen; } if (writeoob) { memcpy(oobbuf, sourceaddr, meminfo.oobsize); sourceaddr += meminfo.oobsize; } eccbuf.data_ptr = writebuf; eccbuf.data_len = meminfo.writesize; eccbuf.oob_ptr = oobbuf; eccbuf.oob_len = meminfo.oobsize; eccbuf.start = mtdoffset; if (ioctl(fd, MEMEWRITEPAGE, &eccbuf) != 0) { int rewind_blocks; off_t rewind_bytes; erase_info_t erase; perror("ioctl(MEMEWRITEPAGE)"); /* Must rewind to blockstart if we can */ rewind_blocks = (mtdoffset - blockstart) / meminfo.writesize; /* Not including the one we just attempted */ rewind_bytes = (rewind_blocks * meminfo.writesize) + readlen; if (writeoob) rewind_bytes += (rewind_blocks + 1) * meminfo.oobsize; sourceaddr -= rewind_bytes; erase.start = blockstart; erase.length = meminfo.erasesize; fprintf(stderr, "Erasing failed write from %08lx-%08lx\n", (long)erase.start, (long)erase.start+erase.length-1); if (ioctl(fd, MEMERASE, &erase) != 0) { perror("MEMERASE"); goto closeall; } if (markbad) { loff_t bad_addr = mtdoffset & (~meminfo.erasesize + 1); fprintf(stderr, "Marking block at %08lx bad\n", (long)bad_addr); if (ioctl(fd, MEMSETBADBLOCK, &bad_addr)) { perror("MEMSETBADBLOCK"); /* But continue anyway */ } } mtdoffset = blockstart + meminfo.erasesize; imglen += rewind_blocks * meminfo.writesize; continue; } imglen -= (readlen + meminfo.oobsize); mtdoffset += meminfo.writesize;
} closeall: close(fd); if ((imglen > 0)) { perror ("Data was only partially written due to error\n"); exit (EXIT_FAILURE); } /* Return happy */
return EXIT_SUCCESS; }
读OOB
读OOB跟写OOB类似，只不过使用的命令是MEMREADOOB。
#include <sys/ioctl.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <mtd/mtd-user.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/stat.h> #include <fcntl.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <string.h> #include <stdlib.h>
#define N 32
#define OFS (0)
#define block_size (128*1024)
#define page_size (2*1024)
int main(int argc, const char *argv[]) { int fd; int i, j; unsigned char oob_data[32] = { 0x53, 0x50, 0x4c, 0x20, 0, 0xff, 0, 0xff, 0x53, 0x50, 0x4c, 0x20, 0, 0xff, 0, 0xff, 0x53, 0x50, 0x4c, 0x20, 0, 0xff, 0, 0xff, 0x53, 0x50, 0x4c, 0x20, 0, 0xff, 0, 0xff }; unsigned char oobbuf[N]; struct mtd_oob_buf oob = {0, N, oobbuf}; struct mtd_oob_buf my_oob = {0, N, oob_data}; fd = open("/dev/mtd0", O_RDWR); if(fd < 0) { perror("fail to open\n"); exit(-1); } if(ioctl(fd, MEMWRITEOOB, &my_oob)) { perror("fail to ioctl"); exit(-1); } memset(oobbuf, 0, sizeof(oobbuf)); oob.start = OFS; if (ioctl(fd, MEMREADOOB, &oob)) { perror("fail to ioctl"); exit(-1); } for(i=0; i<N; i++) { if(i%8 == 0) { printf("\n"); } printf("%#x ", oobbuf[i]); } printf("\n\n"); close (fd); return 0; }
以上只是本人在工作中遇到的，仅供参考。