最近還是容易搞混,尤其是人鼠對比時,對人的發育線的認知非常混亂:
問題:
- 什么是PCW?關鍵的PCW節點有哪些?Post-conceptual age,這是個絕對值,7-8 PCW約等於E14,特征是ENS已覆蓋gut的全部區域。
- Carnegie stages是什么?對最早期的三個過程的划分
- Theiler stages是什么?
- days post-coitum (dpc)是什么?
- 為什么小鼠沒有fetal?只有E、P、adolescence、adult
還是要看下面這張圖,一圖勝千言,感謝別人花了這么大力氣來繪圖,造福人類!
搞發育,經常被各種時間線搞懵,一會是什么E,一會是什么P,一會直接說整體年齡多少天,沒有一個完整的系統來評估整個發育的時間線。
胚胎發育時間判斷:
- 實驗中很難判斷小鼠什么時候交配(受精),因為胚胎還在小鼠體內發育,所以更難知道胚胎發育到什么階段;【養鼠是個專業活,一般人干不了】
- 人也很難知道確切的受精時間,只有胚胎着陸到子宮上,才能通過激素來檢測是否懷孕;
先說三大類時間線:
- 絕對時間線,即從受精開始算,多少天就是多少天;
- 胚胎發育時間,注意胚胎特指受精之后,產前,出生后就沒有什么胚胎發育了;
- 產后發育時間,從出生的那一刻開始算起;【通俗的生日就是落地那一天】
一切的疑問都是在看論文中發現的:
先看如下的圖,基本問題就都來了:
A roadmap for the Human Developmental Cell Atlas
問題:Embryonic為什么不是從受精卵開始的?這里把germinal stage單獨列出來了,什么是Germinal stage?
The germinal stage involves several different processes that change an egg and sperm first into a zygote, and then into an embryo. The processes include fertilization, cleavage, blastulation, and implantation.
對embryo的定義:stage of growth and development that occurs from implantation in the uterus through the eighth week after fertilization【至少要要着床后才算胚胎】
但不是說在肚子里就是胚胎Embryonic,在Carnegie stages 23之后就是fetal胎兒,這時候最大的特征就是Organogenesis器官形成。
問題:什么是Carnegie stages?
In embryology, Carnegie stages are a standardized system of 23 stages used to provide a unified developmental chronology of the vertebrate embryo.
問題:什么是Theiler stages?
Each Theiler stage is identified with one 'average' age, and a range of variation of real ages, centering on this average, that can be seen when real developing embryos are studied.
問題:什么是first、second、third terimester?
A pregnancy is divided into trimesters: the first trimester is from week 1 to the end of week 12. the second trimester is from week 13 to the end of week 26. the third trimester is from week 27 to the end of the pregnancy.
懷孕的三個階段,每個階段都有代表性的特征。
總結:人的發育分得比較細,所以復雜一點,人不會用E和P來說時間,一般用多少day或week?基本分為Fetal、postnatal和adult。
小鼠的比較簡潔
看懂下面一段話:
The single-cell transcriptional landscape of mammalian organogenesis
Mice develop quickly, with just 21 days between fertilization and birth. The implantation of the blastocyst on embryonic day (E) 4.0 is followed by gastrulation and the formation of germ layers on E6.5–E7.51,2. At the early-somite stages, the embryo transits from gastrulation to early organogenesis, forming the neural plate and heart tube (E8.0–E8.5). In the ensuing days (E9.5–E13.5), the embryo expands from hundreds-of-thousands to over tenmillion cells, and concurrently develops nearly all major organ systems. Unsurprisingly, these four days have been intensively studied. Indeed, most genes that underlie major developmental defects can be studied in this window3,4. [MOCA]
也就是說小鼠從受精到出生只需要21天,所以E最多就是E21,之后就進入P,這個21與數據庫吻合。
但是因為小鼠胚胎着床是從E4開始,所以這才是研究胚胎發育的起點。
后面就是gastrulation,E6.5-E7.5,這時候neural tube正式形成,我們研究的neural crest也開始遷移(E8.0-E8.5)。
后面就是主要的organogenesis的階段,E9.5-E13.5,主要器官全部形成,包括gut。
Morarach, K. et al. Diversification of molecularly defined myenteric neuron classes revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing. Nature Neuroscience 24, 34-46, doi:10.1038/s41593-020-00736-x (2021)
The ENS is mainly generated from vagal neural crest cells that colonize the foregut at embryonic day (E)9 and reach the hindgut at E14 where they converge with sacral-derived neural crest cells12. [NN]
ENCC的migration開始於E9,結束於E14,后面就是全面的分化。
Histology Atlas of the Developing Prenatal and Postnatal Mouse Central Nervous System, with Emphasis on Prenatal Days E7.5 to E18.5
E7.5 was selected as the earliest time point because the neural plate (i.e., the earliest indication of neural development) is formed at this time. P21 was chosen as the latest time point because neural development continues after birth up to this stage. [TP] 兩個關鍵的時間節點
小鼠出生后,也要一定的時間才能發育為成年,這里選擇了P21最為最后的發育階段。
【題外話】年齡之謎:
中國的年齡計算,往往有兩套計算方法。其中古代中國常用的是虛歲計算法。虛歲又叫毛歲,是中國傳統的計齡方法,與生日在哪一天無關,生下來就算一歲,然后每過一個農歷春節,就增加一歲。比如有人在農歷春節前一天出生,那么出生兩天之后,按照虛歲,他就已經兩歲了。所以虛歲跟一個人實際活了多少年,沒有直接的關系。
周歲則是從國外傳過來的概念,也是現在中國的主流計算方法。因為比虛歲科學合理,所以現在中國的正式文件,法律條文中都是用的周歲。剛生下來算零歲,然后每過一次生日算一歲。因此,一個人23周歲,那么就說明他已經活了23年多,但是不到24年。不過周歲計算法也存在閏年的2月29日出生的人,名義上四年才過一次生日的小BUG。
【如果算上十月懷胎,那肯定要再加十個月;如果考慮心理年齡,那就更加復雜了】
參考: